Evidence map›Paper›PMID 35438179›Full record

Trial reportJournal of analytical toxicology2022

Pharmacokinetic Profile of ∆9-Tetrahydrocannabinol, Cannabidiol and Metabolites in Blood following Vaporization and Oral Ingestion of Cannabidiol Products.

Cecilia L Bergeria, Tory R Spindle, Edward J Cone, Dennis Sholler, Elia Goffi, John M Mitchell, Ruth E Winecker, George E Bigelow, Ronald Flegel, Ryan Vandrey

Open access · greenAbstract readRandomized Controlled Trial
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in Journal of analytical toxicology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
19citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
5.6field-weighted citation impact, top 4% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

19 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 32 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Pooled it
  3. Trial
  4. Interpol review of forensic toxicology, 2023-2025.Forensic science international. Synergy · 2026
    Review
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. ComparativeFrontiers in toxicology · 2026
    Article
  8. Cannabidiol: Pharmaceutical formulations and biomedical applications.Iranian journal of basic medical sciences · 2026
    Review
  9. Review
  10. Review
  11. Article
  12. Review
  13. Review
  14. Review
  15. Article
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.

Cecilia L BergeriaBehavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Dr., Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-8183-1273
Tory R SpindleBehavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Dr., Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
Edward J ConeBehavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Dr., Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
Dennis ShollerBehavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Dr., Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-5043-2918
Elia GoffiBehavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Dr., Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
John M MitchellRTI International, Research Triangle Park, 3040 East Cornwallis Rd., Research Triangle, NC 27709, USA.
Ruth E WineckerRTI International, Research Triangle Park, 3040 East Cornwallis Rd., Research Triangle, NC 27709, USA.
George E BigelowBehavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Dr., Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
Ronald FlegelDivision of Workplace Programs (DWP), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), 5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20857, USA.
Ryan VandreyBehavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Dr., Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
Johns Hopkins University · USRTI International · USSubstance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration · US

Funding

HUMAN BEHAVIORAL PHARMACOLOGY OF SUBSTANCE ABUSET32DA007209 · NIDA · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI Eric C. Strain, Elise M Weerts · 1985 to 2026
$12.9M
NIDA NIH HHS T32 DA007209NIDA NIH HHS T32DA07209SAMHSA HHS
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

There is limited data on the comparative pharmacokinetics of cannabidiol (CBD) across oral and vaporized formulations. This within-subject, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled laboratory study analyzed the pharmacokinetic profile of CBD, ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (∆9-THC) and related metabolites in blood and oral fluid (OF) after participants (n = 18) administered 100 mg of CBD in each of the following formulations: (1) oral CBD, (2) vaporized CBD and (3) vaporized CBD-dominant cannabis containing 10.5% CBD and 0.39% ∆9-THC (3.7 mg); all participants also completed a placebo condition. Oral CBD was administered in three formulations: (1) encapsulated CBD, (2) CBD suspended in pharmacy-grade syrup and (3) Epidiolex, allowing for pharmacokinetic comparisons across oral formulations (n = 6 per condition). An optional fifth experimental condition was completed for six participants in which they fasted from all food for 12 h prior to oral ingestion of 100 mg of CBD. Blood and OF samples were collected immediately before and for 57-58 h after each drug administration. Immunoassay screening and LC-MS-MS confirmatory tests were performed, the limit of quantitation was 0.5 ng/mL for ∆9-THC and 1 ng/mL for CBD. The mean Cmax and range of CBD blood concentrations for each product were as follows: vaporized CBD-dominant cannabis, 171.1 ng/mL, 40.0-665.0 ng/mL, vaporized CBD 104.6 ng/mL, 19.0-312.0 ng/mL and oral CBD, 13.7 ng/mL, 0.0-50.0 ng/mL. Of the three oral formulations, Epidiolex produced the greatest peak concentration of CBD (20.5 ng/mL, 8.0-37.0 ng/mL) relative to the capsule (17.8 ng/mL, 2.0-50.0 ng/mL) and syrup (2.8 ng/mL, 0-7.0 ng/mL). ∆9-THC was detected in the blood of 12/18 participants after vaporized CBD-dominant cannabis use, but neither ∆9-THC nor its metabolite THC-COOH were detected in the blood of any participants after vaporized or oral CBD-only administration. These data demonstrate that different oral and vaporized formulations produce substantial variability in the pharmacokinetics of CBD and that CBD alone is unlikely to convert to ∆9-THC or produce positive drug tests for ∆9-THC or its metabolite.

Indexed as

CannabidiolCannabisHallucinogensAdministration, OralDouble-Blind MethodDronabinolEatingHumansVolatilizationCannabidiolDronabinolHallucinogens

Identifiers

PMID35438179
PMCPMC9282269
OpenAlexW4212926882

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.