ArticleCancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology2022
The Landscape of Immune Microenvironments in Racially Diverse Breast Cancer Patients.
Article in Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- Multi-omic Profiling of Recurrence Risk Across Breast Cancer Subtypes.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Article
- Etiology of gene expression-based subtypes of breast cancer in the Ghana Breast Health Study.International journal of cancer · 2026Article
- Predictors of pathologic complete response in early-stage triple-negative breast cancer treated with neoadjuvant chemo-immunotherapy: a multi-institution study.Breast cancer research and treatment · 2026Article
- Molecular and socioeconomic characteristics of inflammatory breast cancer in the Carolina Breast Cancer Study.Breast cancer research and treatment · 2026Article
- Tumor biology and access to care and metastatic breast cancer outcomes.Breast cancer research and treatment · 2025Article
- Prognostic significance of CD8+ T cell Spatial Biomarkers in ER+ and ER- breast cancer: A retrospective cohort study.PLoS medicine · 2025Article
- Exploring associations between breast tumor inflammatory gene expression and mammographic calcifications and masses in a community-based population.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Quantitative analysis of T cell subsets in a population of Black women with invasive breast cancer.NPJ breast cancer · 2025Article
- Population-specific patterns in assessing molecular subtypes of young black females with triple-negative breast cancer.NPJ breast cancer · 2025Article
- Diagnosis of cancer, autoimmune and infectious diseases and prediction of the therapy effectiveness based on the individual's immunotype.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Developing a Predictive Model for Metastatic Potential in Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2024Article
- Immune landscape of the tumour microenvironment in Ethiopian breast cancer patients.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2024Article
- Associations of Immune Checkpoint Predictive Biomarkers (MHC-I and MHC-II) with Clinical and Molecular Features in a Diverse Breast Cancer Cohort.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2024Article
- Article
- CD163Breast cancer research : BCR · 2024Article
- BIRC5 expression by race, age and clinical factors in breast cancer patients.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2024Article
- Identification and Validation of a Necroptosis-Related Prognostic Model in Tumor Recurrence and Tumor Immune Microenvironment in Breast Cancer Management.Journal of inflammation research · 2024Article
- Molecular features of androgen-receptor low, estrogen receptor-negative breast cancers in the Carolina breast cancer study.Breast cancer research and treatment · 2023Article
- Reproducibility and intratumoral heterogeneity of the PAM50 breast cancer assay.Breast cancer research and treatment · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundImmunotherapy is a rapidly evolving treatment option in breast cancer; However, the breast cancer immune microenvironment is understudied in Black and younger (<50 years) patients.
methodsWe used histologic and RNA-based immunoprofiling methods to characterize the breast cancer immune landscape in 1,952 tumors from the Carolina Breast Cancer Study (CBCS), a population-based study that oversampled Black (n = 1,030) and young women (n = 1,039). We evaluated immune response leveraging markers for 10 immune cell populations, compared profiles to those in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Project [n = 1,095 tumors, Black (n = 183), and young women (n = 295)], and evaluated in association with clinical and demographic variables, including recurrence.
resultsConsensus clustering identified three immune clusters in CBCS (adaptive-enriched, innate-enriched, or immune-quiet) that varied in frequency by race, age, tumor grade and subtype; however, only two clusters were identified in TCGA, which were predominantly comprised of adaptive-enriched and innate-enriched tumors. In CBCS, the strongest adaptive immune response was observed for basal-like, HER2-positive (HER2+), triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), and high-grade tumors. Younger patients had higher proportions of adaptive-enriched tumors, particularly among estrogen receptor (ER)-negative (ER-) cases. Black patients had higher frequencies of both adaptive-enriched and innate-enriched tumors. Immune clusters were associated with recurrence among ER- tumors, with adaptive-enriched showing the best and innate-enriched showing the poorest 5-year recurrence-free survival.
conclusionsThese data suggest that immune microenvironments are intricately related to race, age, tumor subtype, and grade. IMPACT: Given higher mortality among Black and young women, more defined immune classification using cell-type-specific panels could help explain higher recurrence and ultimately lead to targetable interventions.
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