Evidence map›Paper›PMID 35437263›Full record

Observational studyNeurology2022

Data-Driven Phenotyping of Central Disorders of Hypersomnolence With Unsupervised Clustering.

Jari K Gool, Zhongxing Zhang, Martijn S S L Oei, Stephanie Mathias, Yves Dauvilliers, Geert Mayer, Giuseppe Plazzi, Rafael Del Rio-Villegas, Joan Santamaria Cano, Karel Šonka and 19 more

Erratum issuedOpen access · hybridAbstract readObservational Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Observational study in Neurology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 24 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
24citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
5.9field-weighted citation impact, top 3% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

24 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 54 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Review
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Research priorities to improve classification of sleep-wake disorders.Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine · 2026
    Review
  8. Article
  9. Review
  10. Sleep Medicine-What's in a Name?Journal of sleep research · 2025
    Review
  11. Article
  12. Narcolepsy and rapid eye movement sleep.Journal of sleep research · 2025
    Review
  13. Article
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Review
  19. Article
  20. Diagnostic challenges and burden of idiopathic hypersomnia: a systematic literature review.Sleep advances : a journal of the Sleep Research Society · 2024
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

29 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Jari K GoolFrom the Sleep Wake Center SEIN Heemstede (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Leiden University Medical Center; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences (J.K.G., S.M.), Amsterdam UMC (Location VUmc), the Netherlands; Center for Sleep Medicine, Sleep Research and Epileptology (Z.Z., R.K.), Klinik Barmelweid AG, Barmelweid, Switzerland; Leiden Observatory (M.S.S.L.O.), Leiden University, the Netherlands; Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit (Y.D., L.B.), Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier; National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia, and Kleine-Levin Syndrome (Y.D., L.B.); Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier INM (Y.D., L.B.), Univ Montpellier, INSERM, France; Neurology Department (G.M.), Hephata Klinik, Schwalmstadt, Germany; Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (G.P, F.P.), Bologna, Italy; Neurophysiology and Sleep Disorders Unit (R.d.R.-V.), Hospital Vithas Nuestra Señora de América, Madrid; Neurology Service (J.S.C.), Institut de Neurociències Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Department and Centre of Clinical Neurosciences (K.S.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Helsinki Sleep Clinic (M.P.), Vitalmed Research Center, Finland; Sleep Medicine Center Kempenhaeghe (S.O.), Heeze; Eindhoven University of Technology (S.O.), the Netherlands; Sleep and Epilepsy Unit-Clinical Neurophysiology Service (R.P.-A.), University General Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Research Institute Gregorio Marañón; University Complutense of Madrid (R.P.-A.), Spain; Center for Investigation and Research in Sleep (R.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Serviço de Neurofisiologia (A.M.d.S.), Hospital Santo António/Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto and UMIB-Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Neurology Department (B.H., A.H.), Sleep Disorders Clinic, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (A.W.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University of Münster, Germany; Neurology Department (E.F.), Medical Faculty of P.J. Safarik University, University Hospital of L. Pasteur Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic; Neurology Department (M.M.), EOC, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland; Department of Sleep Medicine (J.B.), National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Fundacio d`Investigacio Sanitaria de les illes balears (F.C.), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.L.B., M.H.S., R.K.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.P.), University of Bologna, Italy. j.gool@amsterdamumc.nl.
Zhongxing ZhangFrom the Sleep Wake Center SEIN Heemstede (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Leiden University Medical Center; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences (J.K.G., S.M.), Amsterdam UMC (Location VUmc), the Netherlands; Center for Sleep Medicine, Sleep Research and Epileptology (Z.Z., R.K.), Klinik Barmelweid AG, Barmelweid, Switzerland; Leiden Observatory (M.S.S.L.O.), Leiden University, the Netherlands; Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit (Y.D., L.B.), Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier; National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia, and Kleine-Levin Syndrome (Y.D., L.B.); Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier INM (Y.D., L.B.), Univ Montpellier, INSERM, France; Neurology Department (G.M.), Hephata Klinik, Schwalmstadt, Germany; Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (G.P, F.P.), Bologna, Italy; Neurophysiology and Sleep Disorders Unit (R.d.R.-V.), Hospital Vithas Nuestra Señora de América, Madrid; Neurology Service (J.S.C.), Institut de Neurociències Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Department and Centre of Clinical Neurosciences (K.S.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Helsinki Sleep Clinic (M.P.), Vitalmed Research Center, Finland; Sleep Medicine Center Kempenhaeghe (S.O.), Heeze; Eindhoven University of Technology (S.O.), the Netherlands; Sleep and Epilepsy Unit-Clinical Neurophysiology Service (R.P.-A.), University General Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Research Institute Gregorio Marañón; University Complutense of Madrid (R.P.-A.), Spain; Center for Investigation and Research in Sleep (R.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Serviço de Neurofisiologia (A.M.d.S.), Hospital Santo António/Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto and UMIB-Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Neurology Department (B.H., A.H.), Sleep Disorders Clinic, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (A.W.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University of Münster, Germany; Neurology Department (E.F.), Medical Faculty of P.J. Safarik University, University Hospital of L. Pasteur Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic; Neurology Department (M.M.), EOC, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland; Department of Sleep Medicine (J.B.), National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Fundacio d`Investigacio Sanitaria de les illes balears (F.C.), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.L.B., M.H.S., R.K.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.P.), University of Bologna, Italy.
Martijn S S L OeiFrom the Sleep Wake Center SEIN Heemstede (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Leiden University Medical Center; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences (J.K.G., S.M.), Amsterdam UMC (Location VUmc), the Netherlands; Center for Sleep Medicine, Sleep Research and Epileptology (Z.Z., R.K.), Klinik Barmelweid AG, Barmelweid, Switzerland; Leiden Observatory (M.S.S.L.O.), Leiden University, the Netherlands; Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit (Y.D., L.B.), Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier; National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia, and Kleine-Levin Syndrome (Y.D., L.B.); Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier INM (Y.D., L.B.), Univ Montpellier, INSERM, France; Neurology Department (G.M.), Hephata Klinik, Schwalmstadt, Germany; Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (G.P, F.P.), Bologna, Italy; Neurophysiology and Sleep Disorders Unit (R.d.R.-V.), Hospital Vithas Nuestra Señora de América, Madrid; Neurology Service (J.S.C.), Institut de Neurociències Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Department and Centre of Clinical Neurosciences (K.S.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Helsinki Sleep Clinic (M.P.), Vitalmed Research Center, Finland; Sleep Medicine Center Kempenhaeghe (S.O.), Heeze; Eindhoven University of Technology (S.O.), the Netherlands; Sleep and Epilepsy Unit-Clinical Neurophysiology Service (R.P.-A.), University General Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Research Institute Gregorio Marañón; University Complutense of Madrid (R.P.-A.), Spain; Center for Investigation and Research in Sleep (R.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Serviço de Neurofisiologia (A.M.d.S.), Hospital Santo António/Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto and UMIB-Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Neurology Department (B.H., A.H.), Sleep Disorders Clinic, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (A.W.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University of Münster, Germany; Neurology Department (E.F.), Medical Faculty of P.J. Safarik University, University Hospital of L. Pasteur Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic; Neurology Department (M.M.), EOC, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland; Department of Sleep Medicine (J.B.), National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Fundacio d`Investigacio Sanitaria de les illes balears (F.C.), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.L.B., M.H.S., R.K.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.P.), University of Bologna, Italy.
Stephanie MathiasFrom the Sleep Wake Center SEIN Heemstede (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Leiden University Medical Center; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences (J.K.G., S.M.), Amsterdam UMC (Location VUmc), the Netherlands; Center for Sleep Medicine, Sleep Research and Epileptology (Z.Z., R.K.), Klinik Barmelweid AG, Barmelweid, Switzerland; Leiden Observatory (M.S.S.L.O.), Leiden University, the Netherlands; Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit (Y.D., L.B.), Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier; National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia, and Kleine-Levin Syndrome (Y.D., L.B.); Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier INM (Y.D., L.B.), Univ Montpellier, INSERM, France; Neurology Department (G.M.), Hephata Klinik, Schwalmstadt, Germany; Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (G.P, F.P.), Bologna, Italy; Neurophysiology and Sleep Disorders Unit (R.d.R.-V.), Hospital Vithas Nuestra Señora de América, Madrid; Neurology Service (J.S.C.), Institut de Neurociències Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Department and Centre of Clinical Neurosciences (K.S.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Helsinki Sleep Clinic (M.P.), Vitalmed Research Center, Finland; Sleep Medicine Center Kempenhaeghe (S.O.), Heeze; Eindhoven University of Technology (S.O.), the Netherlands; Sleep and Epilepsy Unit-Clinical Neurophysiology Service (R.P.-A.), University General Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Research Institute Gregorio Marañón; University Complutense of Madrid (R.P.-A.), Spain; Center for Investigation and Research in Sleep (R.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Serviço de Neurofisiologia (A.M.d.S.), Hospital Santo António/Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto and UMIB-Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Neurology Department (B.H., A.H.), Sleep Disorders Clinic, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (A.W.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University of Münster, Germany; Neurology Department (E.F.), Medical Faculty of P.J. Safarik University, University Hospital of L. Pasteur Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic; Neurology Department (M.M.), EOC, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland; Department of Sleep Medicine (J.B.), National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Fundacio d`Investigacio Sanitaria de les illes balears (F.C.), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.L.B., M.H.S., R.K.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.P.), University of Bologna, Italy.
Yves DauvilliersFrom the Sleep Wake Center SEIN Heemstede (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Leiden University Medical Center; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences (J.K.G., S.M.), Amsterdam UMC (Location VUmc), the Netherlands; Center for Sleep Medicine, Sleep Research and Epileptology (Z.Z., R.K.), Klinik Barmelweid AG, Barmelweid, Switzerland; Leiden Observatory (M.S.S.L.O.), Leiden University, the Netherlands; Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit (Y.D., L.B.), Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier; National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia, and Kleine-Levin Syndrome (Y.D., L.B.); Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier INM (Y.D., L.B.), Univ Montpellier, INSERM, France; Neurology Department (G.M.), Hephata Klinik, Schwalmstadt, Germany; Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (G.P, F.P.), Bologna, Italy; Neurophysiology and Sleep Disorders Unit (R.d.R.-V.), Hospital Vithas Nuestra Señora de América, Madrid; Neurology Service (J.S.C.), Institut de Neurociències Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Department and Centre of Clinical Neurosciences (K.S.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Helsinki Sleep Clinic (M.P.), Vitalmed Research Center, Finland; Sleep Medicine Center Kempenhaeghe (S.O.), Heeze; Eindhoven University of Technology (S.O.), the Netherlands; Sleep and Epilepsy Unit-Clinical Neurophysiology Service (R.P.-A.), University General Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Research Institute Gregorio Marañón; University Complutense of Madrid (R.P.-A.), Spain; Center for Investigation and Research in Sleep (R.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Serviço de Neurofisiologia (A.M.d.S.), Hospital Santo António/Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto and UMIB-Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Neurology Department (B.H., A.H.), Sleep Disorders Clinic, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (A.W.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University of Münster, Germany; Neurology Department (E.F.), Medical Faculty of P.J. Safarik University, University Hospital of L. Pasteur Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic; Neurology Department (M.M.), EOC, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland; Department of Sleep Medicine (J.B.), National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Fundacio d`Investigacio Sanitaria de les illes balears (F.C.), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.L.B., M.H.S., R.K.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.P.), University of Bologna, Italy.
Geert MayerFrom the Sleep Wake Center SEIN Heemstede (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Leiden University Medical Center; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences (J.K.G., S.M.), Amsterdam UMC (Location VUmc), the Netherlands; Center for Sleep Medicine, Sleep Research and Epileptology (Z.Z., R.K.), Klinik Barmelweid AG, Barmelweid, Switzerland; Leiden Observatory (M.S.S.L.O.), Leiden University, the Netherlands; Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit (Y.D., L.B.), Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier; National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia, and Kleine-Levin Syndrome (Y.D., L.B.); Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier INM (Y.D., L.B.), Univ Montpellier, INSERM, France; Neurology Department (G.M.), Hephata Klinik, Schwalmstadt, Germany; Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (G.P, F.P.), Bologna, Italy; Neurophysiology and Sleep Disorders Unit (R.d.R.-V.), Hospital Vithas Nuestra Señora de América, Madrid; Neurology Service (J.S.C.), Institut de Neurociències Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Department and Centre of Clinical Neurosciences (K.S.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Helsinki Sleep Clinic (M.P.), Vitalmed Research Center, Finland; Sleep Medicine Center Kempenhaeghe (S.O.), Heeze; Eindhoven University of Technology (S.O.), the Netherlands; Sleep and Epilepsy Unit-Clinical Neurophysiology Service (R.P.-A.), University General Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Research Institute Gregorio Marañón; University Complutense of Madrid (R.P.-A.), Spain; Center for Investigation and Research in Sleep (R.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Serviço de Neurofisiologia (A.M.d.S.), Hospital Santo António/Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto and UMIB-Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Neurology Department (B.H., A.H.), Sleep Disorders Clinic, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (A.W.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University of Münster, Germany; Neurology Department (E.F.), Medical Faculty of P.J. Safarik University, University Hospital of L. Pasteur Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic; Neurology Department (M.M.), EOC, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland; Department of Sleep Medicine (J.B.), National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Fundacio d`Investigacio Sanitaria de les illes balears (F.C.), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.L.B., M.H.S., R.K.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.P.), University of Bologna, Italy.
Giuseppe PlazziFrom the Sleep Wake Center SEIN Heemstede (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Leiden University Medical Center; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences (J.K.G., S.M.), Amsterdam UMC (Location VUmc), the Netherlands; Center for Sleep Medicine, Sleep Research and Epileptology (Z.Z., R.K.), Klinik Barmelweid AG, Barmelweid, Switzerland; Leiden Observatory (M.S.S.L.O.), Leiden University, the Netherlands; Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit (Y.D., L.B.), Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier; National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia, and Kleine-Levin Syndrome (Y.D., L.B.); Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier INM (Y.D., L.B.), Univ Montpellier, INSERM, France; Neurology Department (G.M.), Hephata Klinik, Schwalmstadt, Germany; Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (G.P, F.P.), Bologna, Italy; Neurophysiology and Sleep Disorders Unit (R.d.R.-V.), Hospital Vithas Nuestra Señora de América, Madrid; Neurology Service (J.S.C.), Institut de Neurociències Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Department and Centre of Clinical Neurosciences (K.S.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Helsinki Sleep Clinic (M.P.), Vitalmed Research Center, Finland; Sleep Medicine Center Kempenhaeghe (S.O.), Heeze; Eindhoven University of Technology (S.O.), the Netherlands; Sleep and Epilepsy Unit-Clinical Neurophysiology Service (R.P.-A.), University General Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Research Institute Gregorio Marañón; University Complutense of Madrid (R.P.-A.), Spain; Center for Investigation and Research in Sleep (R.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Serviço de Neurofisiologia (A.M.d.S.), Hospital Santo António/Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto and UMIB-Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Neurology Department (B.H., A.H.), Sleep Disorders Clinic, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (A.W.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University of Münster, Germany; Neurology Department (E.F.), Medical Faculty of P.J. Safarik University, University Hospital of L. Pasteur Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic; Neurology Department (M.M.), EOC, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland; Department of Sleep Medicine (J.B.), National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Fundacio d`Investigacio Sanitaria de les illes balears (F.C.), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.L.B., M.H.S., R.K.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.P.), University of Bologna, Italy.
Rafael Del Rio-VillegasFrom the Sleep Wake Center SEIN Heemstede (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Leiden University Medical Center; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences (J.K.G., S.M.), Amsterdam UMC (Location VUmc), the Netherlands; Center for Sleep Medicine, Sleep Research and Epileptology (Z.Z., R.K.), Klinik Barmelweid AG, Barmelweid, Switzerland; Leiden Observatory (M.S.S.L.O.), Leiden University, the Netherlands; Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit (Y.D., L.B.), Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier; National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia, and Kleine-Levin Syndrome (Y.D., L.B.); Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier INM (Y.D., L.B.), Univ Montpellier, INSERM, France; Neurology Department (G.M.), Hephata Klinik, Schwalmstadt, Germany; Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (G.P, F.P.), Bologna, Italy; Neurophysiology and Sleep Disorders Unit (R.d.R.-V.), Hospital Vithas Nuestra Señora de América, Madrid; Neurology Service (J.S.C.), Institut de Neurociències Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Department and Centre of Clinical Neurosciences (K.S.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Helsinki Sleep Clinic (M.P.), Vitalmed Research Center, Finland; Sleep Medicine Center Kempenhaeghe (S.O.), Heeze; Eindhoven University of Technology (S.O.), the Netherlands; Sleep and Epilepsy Unit-Clinical Neurophysiology Service (R.P.-A.), University General Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Research Institute Gregorio Marañón; University Complutense of Madrid (R.P.-A.), Spain; Center for Investigation and Research in Sleep (R.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Serviço de Neurofisiologia (A.M.d.S.), Hospital Santo António/Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto and UMIB-Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Neurology Department (B.H., A.H.), Sleep Disorders Clinic, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (A.W.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University of Münster, Germany; Neurology Department (E.F.), Medical Faculty of P.J. Safarik University, University Hospital of L. Pasteur Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic; Neurology Department (M.M.), EOC, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland; Department of Sleep Medicine (J.B.), National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Fundacio d`Investigacio Sanitaria de les illes balears (F.C.), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.L.B., M.H.S., R.K.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.P.), University of Bologna, Italy.
Joan Santamaria CanoFrom the Sleep Wake Center SEIN Heemstede (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Leiden University Medical Center; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences (J.K.G., S.M.), Amsterdam UMC (Location VUmc), the Netherlands; Center for Sleep Medicine, Sleep Research and Epileptology (Z.Z., R.K.), Klinik Barmelweid AG, Barmelweid, Switzerland; Leiden Observatory (M.S.S.L.O.), Leiden University, the Netherlands; Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit (Y.D., L.B.), Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier; National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia, and Kleine-Levin Syndrome (Y.D., L.B.); Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier INM (Y.D., L.B.), Univ Montpellier, INSERM, France; Neurology Department (G.M.), Hephata Klinik, Schwalmstadt, Germany; Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (G.P, F.P.), Bologna, Italy; Neurophysiology and Sleep Disorders Unit (R.d.R.-V.), Hospital Vithas Nuestra Señora de América, Madrid; Neurology Service (J.S.C.), Institut de Neurociències Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Department and Centre of Clinical Neurosciences (K.S.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Helsinki Sleep Clinic (M.P.), Vitalmed Research Center, Finland; Sleep Medicine Center Kempenhaeghe (S.O.), Heeze; Eindhoven University of Technology (S.O.), the Netherlands; Sleep and Epilepsy Unit-Clinical Neurophysiology Service (R.P.-A.), University General Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Research Institute Gregorio Marañón; University Complutense of Madrid (R.P.-A.), Spain; Center for Investigation and Research in Sleep (R.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Serviço de Neurofisiologia (A.M.d.S.), Hospital Santo António/Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto and UMIB-Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Neurology Department (B.H., A.H.), Sleep Disorders Clinic, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (A.W.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University of Münster, Germany; Neurology Department (E.F.), Medical Faculty of P.J. Safarik University, University Hospital of L. Pasteur Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic; Neurology Department (M.M.), EOC, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland; Department of Sleep Medicine (J.B.), National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Fundacio d`Investigacio Sanitaria de les illes balears (F.C.), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.L.B., M.H.S., R.K.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.P.), University of Bologna, Italy.
Karel ŠonkaFrom the Sleep Wake Center SEIN Heemstede (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Leiden University Medical Center; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences (J.K.G., S.M.), Amsterdam UMC (Location VUmc), the Netherlands; Center for Sleep Medicine, Sleep Research and Epileptology (Z.Z., R.K.), Klinik Barmelweid AG, Barmelweid, Switzerland; Leiden Observatory (M.S.S.L.O.), Leiden University, the Netherlands; Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit (Y.D., L.B.), Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier; National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia, and Kleine-Levin Syndrome (Y.D., L.B.); Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier INM (Y.D., L.B.), Univ Montpellier, INSERM, France; Neurology Department (G.M.), Hephata Klinik, Schwalmstadt, Germany; Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (G.P, F.P.), Bologna, Italy; Neurophysiology and Sleep Disorders Unit (R.d.R.-V.), Hospital Vithas Nuestra Señora de América, Madrid; Neurology Service (J.S.C.), Institut de Neurociències Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Department and Centre of Clinical Neurosciences (K.S.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Helsinki Sleep Clinic (M.P.), Vitalmed Research Center, Finland; Sleep Medicine Center Kempenhaeghe (S.O.), Heeze; Eindhoven University of Technology (S.O.), the Netherlands; Sleep and Epilepsy Unit-Clinical Neurophysiology Service (R.P.-A.), University General Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Research Institute Gregorio Marañón; University Complutense of Madrid (R.P.-A.), Spain; Center for Investigation and Research in Sleep (R.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Serviço de Neurofisiologia (A.M.d.S.), Hospital Santo António/Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto and UMIB-Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Neurology Department (B.H., A.H.), Sleep Disorders Clinic, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (A.W.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University of Münster, Germany; Neurology Department (E.F.), Medical Faculty of P.J. Safarik University, University Hospital of L. Pasteur Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic; Neurology Department (M.M.), EOC, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland; Department of Sleep Medicine (J.B.), National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Fundacio d`Investigacio Sanitaria de les illes balears (F.C.), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.L.B., M.H.S., R.K.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.P.), University of Bologna, Italy.
Markku PartinenFrom the Sleep Wake Center SEIN Heemstede (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Leiden University Medical Center; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences (J.K.G., S.M.), Amsterdam UMC (Location VUmc), the Netherlands; Center for Sleep Medicine, Sleep Research and Epileptology (Z.Z., R.K.), Klinik Barmelweid AG, Barmelweid, Switzerland; Leiden Observatory (M.S.S.L.O.), Leiden University, the Netherlands; Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit (Y.D., L.B.), Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier; National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia, and Kleine-Levin Syndrome (Y.D., L.B.); Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier INM (Y.D., L.B.), Univ Montpellier, INSERM, France; Neurology Department (G.M.), Hephata Klinik, Schwalmstadt, Germany; Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (G.P, F.P.), Bologna, Italy; Neurophysiology and Sleep Disorders Unit (R.d.R.-V.), Hospital Vithas Nuestra Señora de América, Madrid; Neurology Service (J.S.C.), Institut de Neurociències Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Department and Centre of Clinical Neurosciences (K.S.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Helsinki Sleep Clinic (M.P.), Vitalmed Research Center, Finland; Sleep Medicine Center Kempenhaeghe (S.O.), Heeze; Eindhoven University of Technology (S.O.), the Netherlands; Sleep and Epilepsy Unit-Clinical Neurophysiology Service (R.P.-A.), University General Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Research Institute Gregorio Marañón; University Complutense of Madrid (R.P.-A.), Spain; Center for Investigation and Research in Sleep (R.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Serviço de Neurofisiologia (A.M.d.S.), Hospital Santo António/Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto and UMIB-Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Neurology Department (B.H., A.H.), Sleep Disorders Clinic, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (A.W.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University of Münster, Germany; Neurology Department (E.F.), Medical Faculty of P.J. Safarik University, University Hospital of L. Pasteur Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic; Neurology Department (M.M.), EOC, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland; Department of Sleep Medicine (J.B.), National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Fundacio d`Investigacio Sanitaria de les illes balears (F.C.), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.L.B., M.H.S., R.K.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.P.), University of Bologna, Italy.
Sebastiaan OvereemFrom the Sleep Wake Center SEIN Heemstede (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Leiden University Medical Center; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences (J.K.G., S.M.), Amsterdam UMC (Location VUmc), the Netherlands; Center for Sleep Medicine, Sleep Research and Epileptology (Z.Z., R.K.), Klinik Barmelweid AG, Barmelweid, Switzerland; Leiden Observatory (M.S.S.L.O.), Leiden University, the Netherlands; Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit (Y.D., L.B.), Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier; National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia, and Kleine-Levin Syndrome (Y.D., L.B.); Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier INM (Y.D., L.B.), Univ Montpellier, INSERM, France; Neurology Department (G.M.), Hephata Klinik, Schwalmstadt, Germany; Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (G.P, F.P.), Bologna, Italy; Neurophysiology and Sleep Disorders Unit (R.d.R.-V.), Hospital Vithas Nuestra Señora de América, Madrid; Neurology Service (J.S.C.), Institut de Neurociències Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Department and Centre of Clinical Neurosciences (K.S.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Helsinki Sleep Clinic (M.P.), Vitalmed Research Center, Finland; Sleep Medicine Center Kempenhaeghe (S.O.), Heeze; Eindhoven University of Technology (S.O.), the Netherlands; Sleep and Epilepsy Unit-Clinical Neurophysiology Service (R.P.-A.), University General Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Research Institute Gregorio Marañón; University Complutense of Madrid (R.P.-A.), Spain; Center for Investigation and Research in Sleep (R.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Serviço de Neurofisiologia (A.M.d.S.), Hospital Santo António/Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto and UMIB-Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Neurology Department (B.H., A.H.), Sleep Disorders Clinic, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (A.W.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University of Münster, Germany; Neurology Department (E.F.), Medical Faculty of P.J. Safarik University, University Hospital of L. Pasteur Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic; Neurology Department (M.M.), EOC, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland; Department of Sleep Medicine (J.B.), National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Fundacio d`Investigacio Sanitaria de les illes balears (F.C.), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.L.B., M.H.S., R.K.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.P.), University of Bologna, Italy.
Rosa Peraita-AdradosFrom the Sleep Wake Center SEIN Heemstede (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Leiden University Medical Center; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences (J.K.G., S.M.), Amsterdam UMC (Location VUmc), the Netherlands; Center for Sleep Medicine, Sleep Research and Epileptology (Z.Z., R.K.), Klinik Barmelweid AG, Barmelweid, Switzerland; Leiden Observatory (M.S.S.L.O.), Leiden University, the Netherlands; Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit (Y.D., L.B.), Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier; National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia, and Kleine-Levin Syndrome (Y.D., L.B.); Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier INM (Y.D., L.B.), Univ Montpellier, INSERM, France; Neurology Department (G.M.), Hephata Klinik, Schwalmstadt, Germany; Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (G.P, F.P.), Bologna, Italy; Neurophysiology and Sleep Disorders Unit (R.d.R.-V.), Hospital Vithas Nuestra Señora de América, Madrid; Neurology Service (J.S.C.), Institut de Neurociències Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Department and Centre of Clinical Neurosciences (K.S.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Helsinki Sleep Clinic (M.P.), Vitalmed Research Center, Finland; Sleep Medicine Center Kempenhaeghe (S.O.), Heeze; Eindhoven University of Technology (S.O.), the Netherlands; Sleep and Epilepsy Unit-Clinical Neurophysiology Service (R.P.-A.), University General Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Research Institute Gregorio Marañón; University Complutense of Madrid (R.P.-A.), Spain; Center for Investigation and Research in Sleep (R.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Serviço de Neurofisiologia (A.M.d.S.), Hospital Santo António/Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto and UMIB-Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Neurology Department (B.H., A.H.), Sleep Disorders Clinic, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (A.W.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University of Münster, Germany; Neurology Department (E.F.), Medical Faculty of P.J. Safarik University, University Hospital of L. Pasteur Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic; Neurology Department (M.M.), EOC, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland; Department of Sleep Medicine (J.B.), National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Fundacio d`Investigacio Sanitaria de les illes balears (F.C.), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.L.B., M.H.S., R.K.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.P.), University of Bologna, Italy.
Raphael HeinzerFrom the Sleep Wake Center SEIN Heemstede (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Leiden University Medical Center; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences (J.K.G., S.M.), Amsterdam UMC (Location VUmc), the Netherlands; Center for Sleep Medicine, Sleep Research and Epileptology (Z.Z., R.K.), Klinik Barmelweid AG, Barmelweid, Switzerland; Leiden Observatory (M.S.S.L.O.), Leiden University, the Netherlands; Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit (Y.D., L.B.), Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier; National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia, and Kleine-Levin Syndrome (Y.D., L.B.); Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier INM (Y.D., L.B.), Univ Montpellier, INSERM, France; Neurology Department (G.M.), Hephata Klinik, Schwalmstadt, Germany; Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (G.P, F.P.), Bologna, Italy; Neurophysiology and Sleep Disorders Unit (R.d.R.-V.), Hospital Vithas Nuestra Señora de América, Madrid; Neurology Service (J.S.C.), Institut de Neurociències Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Department and Centre of Clinical Neurosciences (K.S.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Helsinki Sleep Clinic (M.P.), Vitalmed Research Center, Finland; Sleep Medicine Center Kempenhaeghe (S.O.), Heeze; Eindhoven University of Technology (S.O.), the Netherlands; Sleep and Epilepsy Unit-Clinical Neurophysiology Service (R.P.-A.), University General Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Research Institute Gregorio Marañón; University Complutense of Madrid (R.P.-A.), Spain; Center for Investigation and Research in Sleep (R.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Serviço de Neurofisiologia (A.M.d.S.), Hospital Santo António/Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto and UMIB-Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Neurology Department (B.H., A.H.), Sleep Disorders Clinic, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (A.W.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University of Münster, Germany; Neurology Department (E.F.), Medical Faculty of P.J. Safarik University, University Hospital of L. Pasteur Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic; Neurology Department (M.M.), EOC, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland; Department of Sleep Medicine (J.B.), National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Fundacio d`Investigacio Sanitaria de les illes balears (F.C.), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.L.B., M.H.S., R.K.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.P.), University of Bologna, Italy.
Antonio Martins da SilvaFrom the Sleep Wake Center SEIN Heemstede (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Leiden University Medical Center; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences (J.K.G., S.M.), Amsterdam UMC (Location VUmc), the Netherlands; Center for Sleep Medicine, Sleep Research and Epileptology (Z.Z., R.K.), Klinik Barmelweid AG, Barmelweid, Switzerland; Leiden Observatory (M.S.S.L.O.), Leiden University, the Netherlands; Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit (Y.D., L.B.), Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier; National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia, and Kleine-Levin Syndrome (Y.D., L.B.); Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier INM (Y.D., L.B.), Univ Montpellier, INSERM, France; Neurology Department (G.M.), Hephata Klinik, Schwalmstadt, Germany; Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (G.P, F.P.), Bologna, Italy; Neurophysiology and Sleep Disorders Unit (R.d.R.-V.), Hospital Vithas Nuestra Señora de América, Madrid; Neurology Service (J.S.C.), Institut de Neurociències Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Department and Centre of Clinical Neurosciences (K.S.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Helsinki Sleep Clinic (M.P.), Vitalmed Research Center, Finland; Sleep Medicine Center Kempenhaeghe (S.O.), Heeze; Eindhoven University of Technology (S.O.), the Netherlands; Sleep and Epilepsy Unit-Clinical Neurophysiology Service (R.P.-A.), University General Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Research Institute Gregorio Marañón; University Complutense of Madrid (R.P.-A.), Spain; Center for Investigation and Research in Sleep (R.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Serviço de Neurofisiologia (A.M.d.S.), Hospital Santo António/Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto and UMIB-Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Neurology Department (B.H., A.H.), Sleep Disorders Clinic, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (A.W.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University of Münster, Germany; Neurology Department (E.F.), Medical Faculty of P.J. Safarik University, University Hospital of L. Pasteur Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic; Neurology Department (M.M.), EOC, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland; Department of Sleep Medicine (J.B.), National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Fundacio d`Investigacio Sanitaria de les illes balears (F.C.), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.L.B., M.H.S., R.K.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.P.), University of Bologna, Italy.
Birgit HöglFrom the Sleep Wake Center SEIN Heemstede (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Leiden University Medical Center; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences (J.K.G., S.M.), Amsterdam UMC (Location VUmc), the Netherlands; Center for Sleep Medicine, Sleep Research and Epileptology (Z.Z., R.K.), Klinik Barmelweid AG, Barmelweid, Switzerland; Leiden Observatory (M.S.S.L.O.), Leiden University, the Netherlands; Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit (Y.D., L.B.), Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier; National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia, and Kleine-Levin Syndrome (Y.D., L.B.); Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier INM (Y.D., L.B.), Univ Montpellier, INSERM, France; Neurology Department (G.M.), Hephata Klinik, Schwalmstadt, Germany; Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (G.P, F.P.), Bologna, Italy; Neurophysiology and Sleep Disorders Unit (R.d.R.-V.), Hospital Vithas Nuestra Señora de América, Madrid; Neurology Service (J.S.C.), Institut de Neurociències Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Department and Centre of Clinical Neurosciences (K.S.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Helsinki Sleep Clinic (M.P.), Vitalmed Research Center, Finland; Sleep Medicine Center Kempenhaeghe (S.O.), Heeze; Eindhoven University of Technology (S.O.), the Netherlands; Sleep and Epilepsy Unit-Clinical Neurophysiology Service (R.P.-A.), University General Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Research Institute Gregorio Marañón; University Complutense of Madrid (R.P.-A.), Spain; Center for Investigation and Research in Sleep (R.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Serviço de Neurofisiologia (A.M.d.S.), Hospital Santo António/Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto and UMIB-Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Neurology Department (B.H., A.H.), Sleep Disorders Clinic, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (A.W.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University of Münster, Germany; Neurology Department (E.F.), Medical Faculty of P.J. Safarik University, University Hospital of L. Pasteur Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic; Neurology Department (M.M.), EOC, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland; Department of Sleep Medicine (J.B.), National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Fundacio d`Investigacio Sanitaria de les illes balears (F.C.), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.L.B., M.H.S., R.K.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.P.), University of Bologna, Italy.
Aleksandra WierzbickaFrom the Sleep Wake Center SEIN Heemstede (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Leiden University Medical Center; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences (J.K.G., S.M.), Amsterdam UMC (Location VUmc), the Netherlands; Center for Sleep Medicine, Sleep Research and Epileptology (Z.Z., R.K.), Klinik Barmelweid AG, Barmelweid, Switzerland; Leiden Observatory (M.S.S.L.O.), Leiden University, the Netherlands; Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit (Y.D., L.B.), Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier; National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia, and Kleine-Levin Syndrome (Y.D., L.B.); Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier INM (Y.D., L.B.), Univ Montpellier, INSERM, France; Neurology Department (G.M.), Hephata Klinik, Schwalmstadt, Germany; Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (G.P, F.P.), Bologna, Italy; Neurophysiology and Sleep Disorders Unit (R.d.R.-V.), Hospital Vithas Nuestra Señora de América, Madrid; Neurology Service (J.S.C.), Institut de Neurociències Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Department and Centre of Clinical Neurosciences (K.S.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Helsinki Sleep Clinic (M.P.), Vitalmed Research Center, Finland; Sleep Medicine Center Kempenhaeghe (S.O.), Heeze; Eindhoven University of Technology (S.O.), the Netherlands; Sleep and Epilepsy Unit-Clinical Neurophysiology Service (R.P.-A.), University General Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Research Institute Gregorio Marañón; University Complutense of Madrid (R.P.-A.), Spain; Center for Investigation and Research in Sleep (R.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Serviço de Neurofisiologia (A.M.d.S.), Hospital Santo António/Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto and UMIB-Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Neurology Department (B.H., A.H.), Sleep Disorders Clinic, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (A.W.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University of Münster, Germany; Neurology Department (E.F.), Medical Faculty of P.J. Safarik University, University Hospital of L. Pasteur Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic; Neurology Department (M.M.), EOC, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland; Department of Sleep Medicine (J.B.), National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Fundacio d`Investigacio Sanitaria de les illes balears (F.C.), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.L.B., M.H.S., R.K.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.P.), University of Bologna, Italy.
Anna HeidbrederFrom the Sleep Wake Center SEIN Heemstede (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Leiden University Medical Center; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences (J.K.G., S.M.), Amsterdam UMC (Location VUmc), the Netherlands; Center for Sleep Medicine, Sleep Research and Epileptology (Z.Z., R.K.), Klinik Barmelweid AG, Barmelweid, Switzerland; Leiden Observatory (M.S.S.L.O.), Leiden University, the Netherlands; Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit (Y.D., L.B.), Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier; National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia, and Kleine-Levin Syndrome (Y.D., L.B.); Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier INM (Y.D., L.B.), Univ Montpellier, INSERM, France; Neurology Department (G.M.), Hephata Klinik, Schwalmstadt, Germany; Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (G.P, F.P.), Bologna, Italy; Neurophysiology and Sleep Disorders Unit (R.d.R.-V.), Hospital Vithas Nuestra Señora de América, Madrid; Neurology Service (J.S.C.), Institut de Neurociències Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Department and Centre of Clinical Neurosciences (K.S.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Helsinki Sleep Clinic (M.P.), Vitalmed Research Center, Finland; Sleep Medicine Center Kempenhaeghe (S.O.), Heeze; Eindhoven University of Technology (S.O.), the Netherlands; Sleep and Epilepsy Unit-Clinical Neurophysiology Service (R.P.-A.), University General Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Research Institute Gregorio Marañón; University Complutense of Madrid (R.P.-A.), Spain; Center for Investigation and Research in Sleep (R.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Serviço de Neurofisiologia (A.M.d.S.), Hospital Santo António/Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto and UMIB-Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Neurology Department (B.H., A.H.), Sleep Disorders Clinic, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (A.W.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University of Münster, Germany; Neurology Department (E.F.), Medical Faculty of P.J. Safarik University, University Hospital of L. Pasteur Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic; Neurology Department (M.M.), EOC, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland; Department of Sleep Medicine (J.B.), National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Fundacio d`Investigacio Sanitaria de les illes balears (F.C.), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.L.B., M.H.S., R.K.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.P.), University of Bologna, Italy.
Eva FeketeovaFrom the Sleep Wake Center SEIN Heemstede (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Leiden University Medical Center; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences (J.K.G., S.M.), Amsterdam UMC (Location VUmc), the Netherlands; Center for Sleep Medicine, Sleep Research and Epileptology (Z.Z., R.K.), Klinik Barmelweid AG, Barmelweid, Switzerland; Leiden Observatory (M.S.S.L.O.), Leiden University, the Netherlands; Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit (Y.D., L.B.), Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier; National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia, and Kleine-Levin Syndrome (Y.D., L.B.); Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier INM (Y.D., L.B.), Univ Montpellier, INSERM, France; Neurology Department (G.M.), Hephata Klinik, Schwalmstadt, Germany; Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (G.P, F.P.), Bologna, Italy; Neurophysiology and Sleep Disorders Unit (R.d.R.-V.), Hospital Vithas Nuestra Señora de América, Madrid; Neurology Service (J.S.C.), Institut de Neurociències Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Department and Centre of Clinical Neurosciences (K.S.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Helsinki Sleep Clinic (M.P.), Vitalmed Research Center, Finland; Sleep Medicine Center Kempenhaeghe (S.O.), Heeze; Eindhoven University of Technology (S.O.), the Netherlands; Sleep and Epilepsy Unit-Clinical Neurophysiology Service (R.P.-A.), University General Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Research Institute Gregorio Marañón; University Complutense of Madrid (R.P.-A.), Spain; Center for Investigation and Research in Sleep (R.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Serviço de Neurofisiologia (A.M.d.S.), Hospital Santo António/Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto and UMIB-Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Neurology Department (B.H., A.H.), Sleep Disorders Clinic, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (A.W.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University of Münster, Germany; Neurology Department (E.F.), Medical Faculty of P.J. Safarik University, University Hospital of L. Pasteur Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic; Neurology Department (M.M.), EOC, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland; Department of Sleep Medicine (J.B.), National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Fundacio d`Investigacio Sanitaria de les illes balears (F.C.), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.L.B., M.H.S., R.K.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.P.), University of Bologna, Italy.
Mauro ManconiFrom the Sleep Wake Center SEIN Heemstede (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Leiden University Medical Center; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences (J.K.G., S.M.), Amsterdam UMC (Location VUmc), the Netherlands; Center for Sleep Medicine, Sleep Research and Epileptology (Z.Z., R.K.), Klinik Barmelweid AG, Barmelweid, Switzerland; Leiden Observatory (M.S.S.L.O.), Leiden University, the Netherlands; Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit (Y.D., L.B.), Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier; National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia, and Kleine-Levin Syndrome (Y.D., L.B.); Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier INM (Y.D., L.B.), Univ Montpellier, INSERM, France; Neurology Department (G.M.), Hephata Klinik, Schwalmstadt, Germany; Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (G.P, F.P.), Bologna, Italy; Neurophysiology and Sleep Disorders Unit (R.d.R.-V.), Hospital Vithas Nuestra Señora de América, Madrid; Neurology Service (J.S.C.), Institut de Neurociències Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Department and Centre of Clinical Neurosciences (K.S.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Helsinki Sleep Clinic (M.P.), Vitalmed Research Center, Finland; Sleep Medicine Center Kempenhaeghe (S.O.), Heeze; Eindhoven University of Technology (S.O.), the Netherlands; Sleep and Epilepsy Unit-Clinical Neurophysiology Service (R.P.-A.), University General Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Research Institute Gregorio Marañón; University Complutense of Madrid (R.P.-A.), Spain; Center for Investigation and Research in Sleep (R.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Serviço de Neurofisiologia (A.M.d.S.), Hospital Santo António/Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto and UMIB-Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Neurology Department (B.H., A.H.), Sleep Disorders Clinic, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (A.W.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University of Münster, Germany; Neurology Department (E.F.), Medical Faculty of P.J. Safarik University, University Hospital of L. Pasteur Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic; Neurology Department (M.M.), EOC, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland; Department of Sleep Medicine (J.B.), National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Fundacio d`Investigacio Sanitaria de les illes balears (F.C.), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.L.B., M.H.S., R.K.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.P.), University of Bologna, Italy.
Jitka BuškováFrom the Sleep Wake Center SEIN Heemstede (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Leiden University Medical Center; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences (J.K.G., S.M.), Amsterdam UMC (Location VUmc), the Netherlands; Center for Sleep Medicine, Sleep Research and Epileptology (Z.Z., R.K.), Klinik Barmelweid AG, Barmelweid, Switzerland; Leiden Observatory (M.S.S.L.O.), Leiden University, the Netherlands; Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit (Y.D., L.B.), Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier; National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia, and Kleine-Levin Syndrome (Y.D., L.B.); Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier INM (Y.D., L.B.), Univ Montpellier, INSERM, France; Neurology Department (G.M.), Hephata Klinik, Schwalmstadt, Germany; Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (G.P, F.P.), Bologna, Italy; Neurophysiology and Sleep Disorders Unit (R.d.R.-V.), Hospital Vithas Nuestra Señora de América, Madrid; Neurology Service (J.S.C.), Institut de Neurociències Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Department and Centre of Clinical Neurosciences (K.S.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Helsinki Sleep Clinic (M.P.), Vitalmed Research Center, Finland; Sleep Medicine Center Kempenhaeghe (S.O.), Heeze; Eindhoven University of Technology (S.O.), the Netherlands; Sleep and Epilepsy Unit-Clinical Neurophysiology Service (R.P.-A.), University General Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Research Institute Gregorio Marañón; University Complutense of Madrid (R.P.-A.), Spain; Center for Investigation and Research in Sleep (R.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Serviço de Neurofisiologia (A.M.d.S.), Hospital Santo António/Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto and UMIB-Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Neurology Department (B.H., A.H.), Sleep Disorders Clinic, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (A.W.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University of Münster, Germany; Neurology Department (E.F.), Medical Faculty of P.J. Safarik University, University Hospital of L. Pasteur Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic; Neurology Department (M.M.), EOC, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland; Department of Sleep Medicine (J.B.), National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Fundacio d`Investigacio Sanitaria de les illes balears (F.C.), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.L.B., M.H.S., R.K.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.P.), University of Bologna, Italy.
Francesca CanellasFrom the Sleep Wake Center SEIN Heemstede (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Leiden University Medical Center; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences (J.K.G., S.M.), Amsterdam UMC (Location VUmc), the Netherlands; Center for Sleep Medicine, Sleep Research and Epileptology (Z.Z., R.K.), Klinik Barmelweid AG, Barmelweid, Switzerland; Leiden Observatory (M.S.S.L.O.), Leiden University, the Netherlands; Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit (Y.D., L.B.), Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier; National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia, and Kleine-Levin Syndrome (Y.D., L.B.); Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier INM (Y.D., L.B.), Univ Montpellier, INSERM, France; Neurology Department (G.M.), Hephata Klinik, Schwalmstadt, Germany; Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (G.P, F.P.), Bologna, Italy; Neurophysiology and Sleep Disorders Unit (R.d.R.-V.), Hospital Vithas Nuestra Señora de América, Madrid; Neurology Service (J.S.C.), Institut de Neurociències Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Department and Centre of Clinical Neurosciences (K.S.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Helsinki Sleep Clinic (M.P.), Vitalmed Research Center, Finland; Sleep Medicine Center Kempenhaeghe (S.O.), Heeze; Eindhoven University of Technology (S.O.), the Netherlands; Sleep and Epilepsy Unit-Clinical Neurophysiology Service (R.P.-A.), University General Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Research Institute Gregorio Marañón; University Complutense of Madrid (R.P.-A.), Spain; Center for Investigation and Research in Sleep (R.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Serviço de Neurofisiologia (A.M.d.S.), Hospital Santo António/Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto and UMIB-Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Neurology Department (B.H., A.H.), Sleep Disorders Clinic, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (A.W.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University of Münster, Germany; Neurology Department (E.F.), Medical Faculty of P.J. Safarik University, University Hospital of L. Pasteur Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic; Neurology Department (M.M.), EOC, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland; Department of Sleep Medicine (J.B.), National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Fundacio d`Investigacio Sanitaria de les illes balears (F.C.), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.L.B., M.H.S., R.K.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.P.), University of Bologna, Italy.
Claudio L BassettiFrom the Sleep Wake Center SEIN Heemstede (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Leiden University Medical Center; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences (J.K.G., S.M.), Amsterdam UMC (Location VUmc), the Netherlands; Center for Sleep Medicine, Sleep Research and Epileptology (Z.Z., R.K.), Klinik Barmelweid AG, Barmelweid, Switzerland; Leiden Observatory (M.S.S.L.O.), Leiden University, the Netherlands; Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit (Y.D., L.B.), Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier; National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia, and Kleine-Levin Syndrome (Y.D., L.B.); Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier INM (Y.D., L.B.), Univ Montpellier, INSERM, France; Neurology Department (G.M.), Hephata Klinik, Schwalmstadt, Germany; Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (G.P, F.P.), Bologna, Italy; Neurophysiology and Sleep Disorders Unit (R.d.R.-V.), Hospital Vithas Nuestra Señora de América, Madrid; Neurology Service (J.S.C.), Institut de Neurociències Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Department and Centre of Clinical Neurosciences (K.S.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Helsinki Sleep Clinic (M.P.), Vitalmed Research Center, Finland; Sleep Medicine Center Kempenhaeghe (S.O.), Heeze; Eindhoven University of Technology (S.O.), the Netherlands; Sleep and Epilepsy Unit-Clinical Neurophysiology Service (R.P.-A.), University General Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Research Institute Gregorio Marañón; University Complutense of Madrid (R.P.-A.), Spain; Center for Investigation and Research in Sleep (R.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Serviço de Neurofisiologia (A.M.d.S.), Hospital Santo António/Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto and UMIB-Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Neurology Department (B.H., A.H.), Sleep Disorders Clinic, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (A.W.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University of Münster, Germany; Neurology Department (E.F.), Medical Faculty of P.J. Safarik University, University Hospital of L. Pasteur Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic; Neurology Department (M.M.), EOC, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland; Department of Sleep Medicine (J.B.), National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Fundacio d`Investigacio Sanitaria de les illes balears (F.C.), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.L.B., M.H.S., R.K.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.P.), University of Bologna, Italy.
Lucie BarateauFrom the Sleep Wake Center SEIN Heemstede (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Leiden University Medical Center; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences (J.K.G., S.M.), Amsterdam UMC (Location VUmc), the Netherlands; Center for Sleep Medicine, Sleep Research and Epileptology (Z.Z., R.K.), Klinik Barmelweid AG, Barmelweid, Switzerland; Leiden Observatory (M.S.S.L.O.), Leiden University, the Netherlands; Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit (Y.D., L.B.), Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier; National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia, and Kleine-Levin Syndrome (Y.D., L.B.); Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier INM (Y.D., L.B.), Univ Montpellier, INSERM, France; Neurology Department (G.M.), Hephata Klinik, Schwalmstadt, Germany; Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (G.P, F.P.), Bologna, Italy; Neurophysiology and Sleep Disorders Unit (R.d.R.-V.), Hospital Vithas Nuestra Señora de América, Madrid; Neurology Service (J.S.C.), Institut de Neurociències Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Department and Centre of Clinical Neurosciences (K.S.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Helsinki Sleep Clinic (M.P.), Vitalmed Research Center, Finland; Sleep Medicine Center Kempenhaeghe (S.O.), Heeze; Eindhoven University of Technology (S.O.), the Netherlands; Sleep and Epilepsy Unit-Clinical Neurophysiology Service (R.P.-A.), University General Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Research Institute Gregorio Marañón; University Complutense of Madrid (R.P.-A.), Spain; Center for Investigation and Research in Sleep (R.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Serviço de Neurofisiologia (A.M.d.S.), Hospital Santo António/Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto and UMIB-Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Neurology Department (B.H., A.H.), Sleep Disorders Clinic, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (A.W.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University of Münster, Germany; Neurology Department (E.F.), Medical Faculty of P.J. Safarik University, University Hospital of L. Pasteur Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic; Neurology Department (M.M.), EOC, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland; Department of Sleep Medicine (J.B.), National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Fundacio d`Investigacio Sanitaria de les illes balears (F.C.), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.L.B., M.H.S., R.K.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.P.), University of Bologna, Italy.
Fabio PizzaFrom the Sleep Wake Center SEIN Heemstede (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Leiden University Medical Center; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences (J.K.G., S.M.), Amsterdam UMC (Location VUmc), the Netherlands; Center for Sleep Medicine, Sleep Research and Epileptology (Z.Z., R.K.), Klinik Barmelweid AG, Barmelweid, Switzerland; Leiden Observatory (M.S.S.L.O.), Leiden University, the Netherlands; Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit (Y.D., L.B.), Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier; National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia, and Kleine-Levin Syndrome (Y.D., L.B.); Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier INM (Y.D., L.B.), Univ Montpellier, INSERM, France; Neurology Department (G.M.), Hephata Klinik, Schwalmstadt, Germany; Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (G.P, F.P.), Bologna, Italy; Neurophysiology and Sleep Disorders Unit (R.d.R.-V.), Hospital Vithas Nuestra Señora de América, Madrid; Neurology Service (J.S.C.), Institut de Neurociències Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Department and Centre of Clinical Neurosciences (K.S.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Helsinki Sleep Clinic (M.P.), Vitalmed Research Center, Finland; Sleep Medicine Center Kempenhaeghe (S.O.), Heeze; Eindhoven University of Technology (S.O.), the Netherlands; Sleep and Epilepsy Unit-Clinical Neurophysiology Service (R.P.-A.), University General Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Research Institute Gregorio Marañón; University Complutense of Madrid (R.P.-A.), Spain; Center for Investigation and Research in Sleep (R.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Serviço de Neurofisiologia (A.M.d.S.), Hospital Santo António/Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto and UMIB-Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Neurology Department (B.H., A.H.), Sleep Disorders Clinic, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (A.W.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University of Münster, Germany; Neurology Department (E.F.), Medical Faculty of P.J. Safarik University, University Hospital of L. Pasteur Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic; Neurology Department (M.M.), EOC, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland; Department of Sleep Medicine (J.B.), National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Fundacio d`Investigacio Sanitaria de les illes balears (F.C.), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.L.B., M.H.S., R.K.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.P.), University of Bologna, Italy.
Markus H SchmidtFrom the Sleep Wake Center SEIN Heemstede (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Leiden University Medical Center; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences (J.K.G., S.M.), Amsterdam UMC (Location VUmc), the Netherlands; Center for Sleep Medicine, Sleep Research and Epileptology (Z.Z., R.K.), Klinik Barmelweid AG, Barmelweid, Switzerland; Leiden Observatory (M.S.S.L.O.), Leiden University, the Netherlands; Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit (Y.D., L.B.), Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier; National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia, and Kleine-Levin Syndrome (Y.D., L.B.); Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier INM (Y.D., L.B.), Univ Montpellier, INSERM, France; Neurology Department (G.M.), Hephata Klinik, Schwalmstadt, Germany; Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (G.P, F.P.), Bologna, Italy; Neurophysiology and Sleep Disorders Unit (R.d.R.-V.), Hospital Vithas Nuestra Señora de América, Madrid; Neurology Service (J.S.C.), Institut de Neurociències Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Department and Centre of Clinical Neurosciences (K.S.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Helsinki Sleep Clinic (M.P.), Vitalmed Research Center, Finland; Sleep Medicine Center Kempenhaeghe (S.O.), Heeze; Eindhoven University of Technology (S.O.), the Netherlands; Sleep and Epilepsy Unit-Clinical Neurophysiology Service (R.P.-A.), University General Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Research Institute Gregorio Marañón; University Complutense of Madrid (R.P.-A.), Spain; Center for Investigation and Research in Sleep (R.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Serviço de Neurofisiologia (A.M.d.S.), Hospital Santo António/Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto and UMIB-Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Neurology Department (B.H., A.H.), Sleep Disorders Clinic, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (A.W.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University of Münster, Germany; Neurology Department (E.F.), Medical Faculty of P.J. Safarik University, University Hospital of L. Pasteur Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic; Neurology Department (M.M.), EOC, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland; Department of Sleep Medicine (J.B.), National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Fundacio d`Investigacio Sanitaria de les illes balears (F.C.), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.L.B., M.H.S., R.K.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.P.), University of Bologna, Italy.
Rolf FronczekFrom the Sleep Wake Center SEIN Heemstede (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Leiden University Medical Center; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences (J.K.G., S.M.), Amsterdam UMC (Location VUmc), the Netherlands; Center for Sleep Medicine, Sleep Research and Epileptology (Z.Z., R.K.), Klinik Barmelweid AG, Barmelweid, Switzerland; Leiden Observatory (M.S.S.L.O.), Leiden University, the Netherlands; Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit (Y.D., L.B.), Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier; National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia, and Kleine-Levin Syndrome (Y.D., L.B.); Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier INM (Y.D., L.B.), Univ Montpellier, INSERM, France; Neurology Department (G.M.), Hephata Klinik, Schwalmstadt, Germany; Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (G.P, F.P.), Bologna, Italy; Neurophysiology and Sleep Disorders Unit (R.d.R.-V.), Hospital Vithas Nuestra Señora de América, Madrid; Neurology Service (J.S.C.), Institut de Neurociències Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Department and Centre of Clinical Neurosciences (K.S.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Helsinki Sleep Clinic (M.P.), Vitalmed Research Center, Finland; Sleep Medicine Center Kempenhaeghe (S.O.), Heeze; Eindhoven University of Technology (S.O.), the Netherlands; Sleep and Epilepsy Unit-Clinical Neurophysiology Service (R.P.-A.), University General Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Research Institute Gregorio Marañón; University Complutense of Madrid (R.P.-A.), Spain; Center for Investigation and Research in Sleep (R.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Serviço de Neurofisiologia (A.M.d.S.), Hospital Santo António/Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto and UMIB-Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Neurology Department (B.H., A.H.), Sleep Disorders Clinic, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (A.W.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University of Münster, Germany; Neurology Department (E.F.), Medical Faculty of P.J. Safarik University, University Hospital of L. Pasteur Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic; Neurology Department (M.M.), EOC, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland; Department of Sleep Medicine (J.B.), National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Fundacio d`Investigacio Sanitaria de les illes balears (F.C.), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.L.B., M.H.S., R.K.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.P.), University of Bologna, Italy.
Ramin KhatamiFrom the Sleep Wake Center SEIN Heemstede (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Leiden University Medical Center; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences (J.K.G., S.M.), Amsterdam UMC (Location VUmc), the Netherlands; Center for Sleep Medicine, Sleep Research and Epileptology (Z.Z., R.K.), Klinik Barmelweid AG, Barmelweid, Switzerland; Leiden Observatory (M.S.S.L.O.), Leiden University, the Netherlands; Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit (Y.D., L.B.), Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier; National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia, and Kleine-Levin Syndrome (Y.D., L.B.); Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier INM (Y.D., L.B.), Univ Montpellier, INSERM, France; Neurology Department (G.M.), Hephata Klinik, Schwalmstadt, Germany; Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (G.P, F.P.), Bologna, Italy; Neurophysiology and Sleep Disorders Unit (R.d.R.-V.), Hospital Vithas Nuestra Señora de América, Madrid; Neurology Service (J.S.C.), Institut de Neurociències Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Department and Centre of Clinical Neurosciences (K.S.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Helsinki Sleep Clinic (M.P.), Vitalmed Research Center, Finland; Sleep Medicine Center Kempenhaeghe (S.O.), Heeze; Eindhoven University of Technology (S.O.), the Netherlands; Sleep and Epilepsy Unit-Clinical Neurophysiology Service (R.P.-A.), University General Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Research Institute Gregorio Marañón; University Complutense of Madrid (R.P.-A.), Spain; Center for Investigation and Research in Sleep (R.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Serviço de Neurofisiologia (A.M.d.S.), Hospital Santo António/Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto and UMIB-Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Neurology Department (B.H., A.H.), Sleep Disorders Clinic, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (A.W.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University of Münster, Germany; Neurology Department (E.F.), Medical Faculty of P.J. Safarik University, University Hospital of L. Pasteur Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic; Neurology Department (M.M.), EOC, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland; Department of Sleep Medicine (J.B.), National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Fundacio d`Investigacio Sanitaria de les illes balears (F.C.), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.L.B., M.H.S., R.K.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.P.), University of Bologna, Italy.
Gert Jan LammersFrom the Sleep Wake Center SEIN Heemstede (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology (J.K.G., R.F., G.J.L.), Leiden University Medical Center; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences (J.K.G., S.M.), Amsterdam UMC (Location VUmc), the Netherlands; Center for Sleep Medicine, Sleep Research and Epileptology (Z.Z., R.K.), Klinik Barmelweid AG, Barmelweid, Switzerland; Leiden Observatory (M.S.S.L.O.), Leiden University, the Netherlands; Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit (Y.D., L.B.), Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier; National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia, and Kleine-Levin Syndrome (Y.D., L.B.); Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier INM (Y.D., L.B.), Univ Montpellier, INSERM, France; Neurology Department (G.M.), Hephata Klinik, Schwalmstadt, Germany; Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences (G.P.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (G.P, F.P.), Bologna, Italy; Neurophysiology and Sleep Disorders Unit (R.d.R.-V.), Hospital Vithas Nuestra Señora de América, Madrid; Neurology Service (J.S.C.), Institut de Neurociències Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Spain; Neurology Department and Centre of Clinical Neurosciences (K.S.), First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Helsinki Sleep Clinic (M.P.), Vitalmed Research Center, Finland; Sleep Medicine Center Kempenhaeghe (S.O.), Heeze; Eindhoven University of Technology (S.O.), the Netherlands; Sleep and Epilepsy Unit-Clinical Neurophysiology Service (R.P.-A.), University General Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Research Institute Gregorio Marañón; University Complutense of Madrid (R.P.-A.), Spain; Center for Investigation and Research in Sleep (R.H.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Serviço de Neurofisiologia (A.M.d.S.), Hospital Santo António/Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto and UMIB-Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Neurology Department (B.H., A.H.), Sleep Disorders Clinic, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (A.W.), Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders (A.H.), University of Münster, Germany; Neurology Department (E.F.), Medical Faculty of P.J. Safarik University, University Hospital of L. Pasteur Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic; Neurology Department (M.M.), EOC, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland; Department of Sleep Medicine (J.B.), National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Fundacio d`Investigacio Sanitaria de les illes balears (F.C.), Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Department of Neurology (C.L.B., M.H.S., R.K.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; and Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (F.P.), University of Bologna, Italy.
Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland · NL

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND

objectivesRecent studies fueled doubts as to whether all currently defined central disorders of hypersomnolence are stable entities, especially narcolepsy type 2 and idiopathic hypersomnia. New reliable biomarkers are needed, and the question arises of whether current diagnostic criteria of hypersomnolence disorders should be reassessed. The main aim of this data-driven observational study was to see whether data-driven algorithms would segregate narcolepsy type 1 and identify more reliable subgrouping of individuals without cataplexy with new clinical biomarkers.

methodsWe used agglomerative hierarchical clustering, an unsupervised machine learning algorithm, to identify distinct hypersomnolence clusters in the large-scale European Narcolepsy Network database. We included 97 variables, covering all aspects of central hypersomnolence disorders such as symptoms, demographics, objective and subjective sleep measures, and laboratory biomarkers. We specifically focused on subgrouping of patients without cataplexy. The number of clusters was chosen to be the minimal number for which patients without cataplexy were put in distinct groups.

resultsWe included 1,078 unmedicated adolescents and adults. Seven clusters were identified, of which 4 clusters included predominantly individuals with cataplexy. The 2 most distinct clusters consisted of 158 and 157 patients, were dominated by those without cataplexy, and among other variables, significantly differed in presence of sleep drunkenness, subjective difficulty awakening, and weekend-week sleep length difference. Patients formally diagnosed as having narcolepsy type 2 and idiopathic hypersomnia were evenly mixed in these 2 clusters. DISCUSSION: Using a data-driven approach in the largest study on central disorders of hypersomnolence to date, our study identified distinct patient subgroups within the central disorders of hypersomnolence population. Our results contest inclusion of sleep-onset REM periods in diagnostic criteria for people without cataplexy and provide promising new variables for reliable diagnostic categories that better resemble different patient phenotypes. Cluster-guided classification will result in a more solid hypersomnolence classification system that is less vulnerable to instability of single features.

Indexed as

CataplexyDisorders of Excessive SomnolenceIdiopathic HypersomniaNarcolepsyAdolescentCluster AnalysisHumans

Identifiers

PMID35437263
PMCPMC9202524
OpenAlexW4224280180

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LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.