ArticleToxicon: X2022
The myth of cobra venom cytotoxin: More than just direct cytolytic actions.
Article in Toxicon: X, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- Clinical study of anti-snake venom blockade in the treatment of local tissue necrosis caused by Chinese cobra (Naja atra) bites.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2022Trial
- Cardiotoxin from Naja atra Activates the NLRP3/Caspase-1/GSDMD Pyroptosis Pathway to Induce Skin Tissue Injury.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Article
- Profiling cytotoxicity of nanofractionated elapid snake venoms in human cell lines representing different tissues.Journal of pharmaceutical analysis · 2026Article
- Article
- Article
- AMPEC4:Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Cobra Three-Finger Toxins Interact with RNA and DNA: Nucleic Acids as Their Putative Biological Targets.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Article
- Antiproliferative Effects ofToxins · 2024Article
- Review
- Review
- Article
- Tissue damaging toxins in snake venoms: mechanisms of action, pathophysiology and treatment strategies.Communications biology · 2024Review
- Design and Application of pH-Responsive Liposomes for Site-Specific Delivery of Cytotoxin fromInternational journal of nanomedicine · 2024Article
- Unveiling the functional epitopes of cobra venom cytotoxin by immunoinformatics and epitope-omic analyses.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Review
- Development of a Monoclonal scFv against Cytotoxin to Neutralize Cytolytic Activity Induced byToxins · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Cobra venom cytotoxin (CTX) is a non-enzymatic three-finger toxin that constitutes 40-60% of cobra venom. Thus, it plays an important role in the pathophysiology of cobra envenomation, especially in local dermonecrosis. The three-finger hydrophobic loops of CTX determine the cytotoxicity. Nevertheless, the actual mechanisms of cytotoxicity are not fully elucidated as they involve not only cytolytic actions but also intracellular signalling-mediated cell death pathways. Furthermore, the possible transition cell death pattern remains to be explored. The actual molecular mechanisms require further studies to unveil the relationship between different CTXs from different cobra species and cell types which may result in differential cell death patterns. Here, we discuss the biophysical interaction of CTX with the cell membrane involving four binding modes: electrostatic interaction, hydrophobic partitioning, isotropic phase, and oligomerisation. Oligomerisation of CTX causes pore formation in the membrane lipid bilayer. Additionally, the CTX-induced apoptotic pathway can be executed via death receptor-mediated extrinsic pathways and mitochondrial-mediated intrinsic pathways. We also discuss lysosomal-mediated necrosis and the occurrence of necroptosis following CTX action. Collectively, we provided an insight into concentration-dependent transition of cell death pattern which involves different mechanistic actions. This contributes a new direction for further investigation of cytotoxic pathways activated by the CTXs for future development of biotherapeutics targeting pathological effects caused by CTX.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.