ReviewFrontiers in immunology2022
Inhibitory Immune Checkpoint Receptors and Ligands as Prognostic Biomarkers in COVID-19 Patients.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- Review
- The tumor microenvironment in leukemia: molecular pathways of immune evasion.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Comprehensive immune profiling of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells using two complementary spectral flow cytometry panels encompassing 60 unique markers.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Phenotypic Alterations of CD8+ and CD8- CD56+ NK Cell Subsets in Moderate and Severe COVID-19 Disease.Journal of immunology research · 2026Article
- Imbalanced immune cell network and suboptimal cell activation: signatures associated with disease severity in vaccine-naïve COVID-19 patients.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- MixOmics Integration of Biological Datasets Identifies Highly Correlated Variables of COVID-19 Severity.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- mRNA Vaccination for COVID-19 Lowers the Risk for Pulmonary Fibrosis Through GIP-10/Gal-3/HIF-1 Downregulation.Cureus · 2025Article
- Chronic Hepatitis B and COVID-19 Clinical Outcomes in the United States: A Multisite Retrospective Cohort Study.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Innate immune response in COVID-19: single-cell multi-omics profile of NK lymphocytes in a clinical case series.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2024Article
- Article
- Can there be calm during a cytokine storm? Immune checkpoint pathways affecting the severity of COVID-19 disease.Frontiers in microbiology · 2024Article
- Identifying immune checkpoints on dysregulated T-cells as prognostic biomarkers for multiple myeloma patients with COVID-19.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Immune inhibitory receptor-mediated immune response, metabolic adaptation, and clinical characterization in patients with COVID-19.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Frontline Pembrolizumab-Based Treatment for Advanced Lung Cancer.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- PD1, CTLA4 and TIGIT Expression on T and NK Cells in Granulomatous Diseases: Sarcoidosis and ANCA-Associated Vasculitis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Exhaustion and over-activation of immune cells in COVID-19: Challenges and therapeutic opportunities.Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.) · 2022Review
- Hypermetabolic lymphadenopathy following the administration of COVID-19 vaccine and immunotherapy in a lung cancer patient: a case report.Journal of medical case reports · 2022Article
- Heterogenous CD8+ T Cell Maturation and 'Polarization' in Acute and Convalescent COVID-19 Patients.Viruses · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by SARS-CoV-2. During T-cell activation, the immune system uses different checkpoint pathways to maintain co-inhibitory and co-stimulatory signals. In COVID-19, expression of immune checkpoints (ICs) is one of the most important manifestations, in addition to lymphopenia and inflammatory cytokines, contributing to worse clinical outcomes. There is a controversy whether upregulation of ICs in COVID-19 patients might lead to T-cell exhaustion or activation. This review summarizes the available studies that investigated IC receptors and ligands in COVID-19 patients, as well as their effect on T-cell function. Several IC receptors and ligands, including CTLA-4, BTLA, TIM-3, VISTA, LAG-3, TIGIT, PD-1, CD160, 2B4, NKG2A, Galectin-9, Galectin-3, PD-L1, PD-L2, LSECtin, and CD112, were upregulated in COVID-19 patients. Based on the available studies, there is a possible relationship between disease severity and increased expression of IC receptors and ligands. Overall, the upregulation of some ICs could be used as a prognostic biomarker for disease severity.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.