ReviewFrontiers in microbiology2022
Probiotics, Their Extracellular Vesicles and Infectious Diseases.
Review in Frontiers in microbiology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 49 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
49 citing papers in PubMed.
- Probiotics and Extracellular Vesicles as Redox Modulators in Wound Healing: From Microbial Therapeutics to Engineered Nanotherapeutic Strategies.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Probiotic Extracellular Vesicles: Mechanisms of Immune Modulation and Therapeutic Opportunities in Atopic Dermatitis.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2026Review
- Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles as Regulators of the Gut Microbiome-Circadian Axis in Inflammatory and Metabolic Diseases.Journal of microbiology and biotechnology · 2026Review
- Gut Microbiota-Derived Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles in COVID-19: Their Signature and Immunological Impact.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2026Article
- Review
- Lactic Acid Bacteria-Derived Antimicrobial and Anti-Biofilm Strategies: Mechanisms, Functional Molecules, and Emerging Biomaterial Applications.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Extracellular Vesicles fromPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Review
- Comparative genomics reveals immunomodulatory and anti-obesity traits of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis.Applied microbiology and biotechnology · 2026Article
- Membrane Vesicles from Lacticaseibacillus Casei BL23 Exhibit Antimicrobial Activity Against Escherichia coli and Immunostimulatory Effects on Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells.Advanced healthcare materials · 2026Article
- Extracellular Vesicles from Probiotic and BeneficialPharmaceutics · 2026Article
- Bacterial extracellular vesicles in colorectal cancer: mechanisms, biomarker potential, and therapeutic engineering.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026Review
- Microbial extracellular vesicles in the lung: friends in health, agents in disease.Extracellular vesicles and circulating nucleic acids · 2026Review
- Functional and proteomic analysis of Lactobacillus rhamnosus-derived extracellular vesicles with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Extracellular vesicles ofGut microbes · 2025Article
- Characterization of Extracellular Vesicles from Streptococcus thermophilus 065 and Their Potential to Modulate the Immune Response.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2025Article
- Towards EffectiveInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Probiotics in Nanotechnology-Driven Wound Healing: From Mechanistic Insight to Clinical Promise.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- Biochemical and functional properties of vesicles from planktonic and biofilm phenotypes of Limosilactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Characterization and Specific Detection ofPharmaceutics · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Probiotics have been shown to be effective against infectious diseases in clinical trials, with either intestinal or extraintestinal health benefits. Even though probiotic effects are strain-specific, some "widespread effects" include: pathogen inhibition, enhancement of barrier integrity and regulation of immune responses. The mechanisms involved in the health benefits of probiotics are not completely understood, but these effects can be mediated, at least in part, by probiotic-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs). However, to date, there are no clinical trials examining probiotic-derived EVs health benefits against infectious diseases. There is still a long way to go to bridge the gap between basic research and clinical practice. This review attempts to summarize the current knowledge about EVs released by probiotic bacteria to understand their possible role in the prevention and/or treatment of infectious diseases. A better understanding of the mechanisms whereby EVs package their cargo and the process involved in communication with host cells (inter-kingdom communication), would allow further advances in this field. In addition, we comment on the potential use and missing knowledge of EVs as therapeutic agents (postbiotics) against infectious diseases. Future research on probiotic-derived EVs is needed to open new avenues for the encapsulation of bioactives inside EVs from GRAS (Generally Regarded as Safe) bacteria. This could be a scientific novelty with applications in functional foods and pharmaceutical industries.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.