ArticleEnvironment international2022
Urinary phthalate metabolite mixtures in pregnancy and fetal growth: Findings from the infant development and the environment study.
Article in Environment international, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- Multi-Tree Model for Precision Environmental Health with Longitudinally Assessed Mixture Exposure.Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series C, Applied statistics · 2026Article
- Maternal oxidative stress biomarkers across pregnancy in relation to fetal growth: evidence from the TIDES cohort.American journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Evaluating the mediating role of gestational phthalate and replacement biomarkers in the associations between race/ethnicity and birthweight.Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2026Article
- Effect measure modification in mixtures and public health.American journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Subgroup analyses and effect modification with Bayesian kernel machine regression.American journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Weighted quantile sum (WQS) mixed-effects model.MethodsX · 2025Article
- Urinary phthalates, serum omega-3 fatty acids and ovarian reserve among women seeking fertility treatment.International journal of hygiene and environmental health · 2025Article
- Effect Modification of Serum Omega-3 Fatty Acids on the Associations between Urinary Phthalate Biomarkers Mixture and Pregnancy Outcomes among Women Seeking Fertility Care.Environmental health perspectives · 2025Article
- Epidermal growth factor receptor in placental health and disease: pathways, dysfunction, and chemical disruption.Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology · 2025Review
- Association of Prenatal Exposure to Phthalates and Phenols With Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes.O&G open · 2025Article
- Organophosphate Ester Flame Retardants and Plasticizers in Relation to Fetal Growth in the LIFECODES Fetal Growth Study.Environmental health perspectives · 2024Article
- Individual and joint effects of prenatal PMEnvironmental research · 2024Article
- Associations of phthalates, phthalate replacements, and their mixtures with eicosanoid biomarkers during pregnancy.Environment international · 2023Article
- Early pregnancy phthalates and replacements in relation to fetal growth: The human placenta and phthalates study.Environmental research · 2023Article
- Maternal urinary bisphenols and phthalates in relation to estimated fetal weight across mid to late pregnancy.Environment international · 2023Article
- Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and psychosocial stressors have a joint effect on adverse pregnancy outcomes in the Atlanta African American Maternal-Child cohort.The Science of the total environment · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 9 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPrenatal phthalate exposure has been linked to reductions in fetal growth in animal and laboratory studies, but epidemiologic evidence is equivocal.
objectiveExamine the association between prenatal phthalate metabolite mixtures and fetal growth and evaluate whether that association is modified by fetal sex or omega-3 intake during pregnancy.
methodsAnalyses included 604 singleton pregnancies from TIDES, a prospective pregnancy cohort with spot urine samples and questionnaires collected in each trimester. Pregnancy-averaged phthalate exposure estimates were calculated as the geometric means of specific-gravity corrected phthalate metabolites. Fetal growth outcomes included birthweight and length, and ultrasound-derived size and velocity of estimated fetal weight, femur length, abdominal and head circumferences in the second and third trimesters. We used a novel application of quantile g-computation to estimate the joint association between pregnancy-averaged phthalate exposure and fetal growth, and to examine effect modification of that association by infant sex or omega-3 intake during pregnancy.
resultsThere were few statistically significant differences in birth size and fetal growth by exposure. A one-quartile increase in the phthalate mixture was modestly associated with reduced birthweight(β [95% confidence interval)]: -54.6 [-128.9, 19.7] grams; p = 0.15) and length (-0.2 [-0.6, 0.2] centimeters; p = 0.40). A one-quartile increase in the phthalate mixture was associated with reduced birth length in males (-0.5 [-1.0, 0.0] centimeters) but not for females (0.1 [-0.2, 0.3] centimeters); interaction p = 0.05. The phthalate metabolite mixture was inversely associated with ultrasound-derived fetal growth among those with adequate omega-3 intake. For example, a one-quartile increase in the phthalate mixture was associated with reduced abdominal circumference in the third trimesters in those with adequate omega-3 intake (-3.3 [-6.8, 0.1] millimeters) but not those with inadequate omega-3 intake (1.8 [-0.8, 4.5] millimeters); interaction p = 0.01.
conclusionPrenatal phthalate exposure was not significantly associated with fetal growth outcomes, with some exceptions for certain subgroups.
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