ArticleTraffic (Copenhagen, Denmark)2022
Melanocore uptake by keratinocytes occurs through phagocytosis and involves protease-activated receptor-2 internalization.
Article in Traffic (Copenhagen, Denmark), 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- Janus microneedles enabling orderly vitiligo treatment through spatiotemporal sequential promoting melanogenesis to transferAsian journal of pharmaceutical sciences · 2026Article
- A novel synthetic melanin as a potential anticancer agent that induces apoptosis and cyclin D downregulation through distinct pathways.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2026Article
- Genomic and Mitonuclear Patterns of Divergence Among Recently Diverged White-Crowned Sparrow Subspecies.Ecology and evolution · 2026Article
- A Narrative Review of the Multi-Target Mechanisms of Glabridin in Skin Lightening.Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dermatology · 2026Review
- Keratin intermediate filaments mechanically position melanin pigments for genome photoprotection.Nature cell biology · 2026Article
- Anatomy of a bioengineered human pigmented skin equivalent to provide fundamental insights into skin tone melanin dynamics.Journal of anatomy · 2026Article
- Disrupting melanin transfer: innovative strategy for anti-pigmentation drug discovery.Journal of enzyme inhibition and medicinal chemistry · 2025Review
- Melanoma cells suppress mast cell function via a melanin-dependent mechanism.The FEBS journal · 2025Article
- Functional and Morphological Plasticity of the Endolysosomal System: Pigment Organelles at the Crossroads of Physiology and Pathology.Biology of the cell · 2025Review
- Efficacy and Safety of a PTPD-12-Containing Cream on Improvement in Hyperpigmentation: A Randomized, Split-Face Clinical Trial.Annals of dermatology · 2025Article
- Melanosome Transport and Processing in Skin Pigmentation: Mechanisms and Targets for Pigmentation Modulation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Genetics of Skin, Hair, and Eye Color in Human Pigmentation Disorders.Annals of human genetics · 2025Review
- EGF-Induced Macropinocytosis Promotes NAV1-Dependent Internalization of Occludin in Keratinocytes.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2025Article
- Implication of Immunobiological Function of Melanocytes in Dermatology.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2025Review
- Insights into lysosome-related organelle biogenesis: melanosome as a model organelle.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2025Article
- Update on protease-activated receptor 2 in inflammatory and autoimmune dermatological diseases.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Melanin's Journey from Melanocytes to Keratinocytes: Uncovering the Molecular Mechanisms of Melanin Transfer and Processing.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- The journey from melanocytes to melanoma.Nature reviews. Cancer · 2023Review
- A Comprehensive Review of Mammalian Pigmentation: Paving the Way for Innovative Hair Colour-Changing Cosmetics.Biology · 2023Review
- Biology of melanocytes in mammals.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In the skin epidermis, melanin is produced and stored within melanosomes in melanocytes, and then transferred to keratinocytes. Different models have been proposed to explain the melanin transfer mechanism, which differ essentially in how melanin is transferred-either in a membrane-bound melanosome or as a melanosome core, that is, melanocore. Here, we investigated the endocytic route followed by melanocores and melanosomes during internalization by keratinocytes, by comparing the uptake of melanocores isolated from the supernatant of melanocyte cultures, with melanosomes isolated from melanocytes. We show that inhibition of actin dynamics impairs the uptake of both melanocores and melanosomes. Moreover, depletion of critical proteins involved in actin-dependent uptake mechanisms, namely Rac1, CtBP1/BARS, Cdc42 or RhoA, together with inhibition of Rac1-dependent signaling pathways or macropinocytosis suggest that melanocores are internalized by phagocytosis, whereas melanosomes are internalized by macropinocytosis. Interestingly, we found that Rac1, Cdc42 and RhoA are differently activated by melanocore or melanosome stimulation, supporting the existence of two distinct routes of melanin internalization. Furthermore, we show that melanocore uptake induces protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) internalization by keratinocytes to a higher extent than melanosomes. Because skin pigmentation was shown to be regulated by PAR-2 activation, our results further support the melanocore-based mechanism of melanin transfer and further refine this model, which can now be described as coupled melanocore exo/phagocytosis.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.