Generalization of reappraisal to novel negative stimuli as evidenced by the LPP.

Cognitive reappraisal is a well-studied emotion regulation technique that involves changing the meaning of stimuli. To be useful in everyday life, reappraisal's effects would ideally generalize from previously reappraised stimuli to novel, but similar stimuli, saving individuals from needing to generate novel interpretations for similar stimuli. Here, 41 participants were asked to use reappraisal to down-regulate their response to negative pictures from one category (e.g., snakes), and to view negative pictures from another category (e.g., guns) as well as neutral pictures (e.g., plants). In a subsequent task, participants passively viewed novel pictures from all three categories (e.g., snakes, guns, and plants). EEG and subjective ratings of valence and arousal were collected in both tasks. In the reappraisal task, we did not find an effect of reappraisal on the LPP or arousal ratings, but reappraisal reduced ratings of picture unpleasantness. In the second task, negative pictures from the previously reappraised category elicited smaller LPPs than negative pictures from the previously viewed category, though there was no evidence that reappraisal generalized to subjective ratings of pictures. Therefore, at the electrocortical level, cognitive reappraisal may generalize to similar but novel stimuli encountered outside of the reappraisal context. Moreover, meaning change might be more effective in modulating electrocortical response following a delay and in the absence of deliberate attempts to down-regulate emotional response. Nonetheless, reappraisal's effects appear to differ across levels of affective response when similar stimuli are encountered in the absence of willful attempts at reappraisal.