ArticleDevelopment (Cambridge, England)2022
The immune environment of the mammary gland fluctuates during post-lactational regression and correlates with tumour growth rate.
Article in Development (Cambridge, England), 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pregnancy-induced tissue-resident memory-like T cells contribute to tumor control in breast cancer.Nature immunology · 2026Article
- Branching out: the diverse roles of stem and progenitor cells in mammary gland development.Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia · 2026Review
- An in utero exposure to the synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol affects the fat pad composition in post-natal mammary glands.Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology · 2026Article
- Article
- The Metabolic-Immune Axis: Amino Acids and Immune Cell Dynamics in Mammary Gland Development and Remodeling.International journal of biological sciences · 2026Review
- Little women: the relevance and reliance on mouse models for mammary gland research and next steps for translation.Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia · 2025Review
- Th1 Cytokines Inhibit Acinar Morphogenesis and Milk Protein Expression in 3D Mammary Cultures.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Divergent paths of mammary gland involution: unveiling the cellular dynamics in abruptly and gradually involuted mouse models.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2025Article
- Methods for Imaging Intracellular Calcium Signals in the Mouse Mammary Epithelium in Two and Three Dimensions.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2025Article
- Epigenetic and Immune Mechanisms Linking Breastfeeding to Lower Breast Cancer Rates.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2024Review
- Loss of STING impairs lactogenic differentiation.Development (Cambridge, England) · 2024Article
- Immune Cell Contribution to Mammary Gland Development.Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia · 2024Review
- Collagen induction of immune cells in the mammary glands during pregnancy.Physiological genomics · 2024Article
- Fourteenth Annual ENBDC Workshop: Methods in Mammary Gland Biology and Breast Cancer.Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia · 2023Article
- Poor Outcome in Postpartum Breast Cancer Patients Is Associated with Distinct Molecular and Immunologic Features.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2023Article
- Macrophages maintain mammary stem cell activity and mammary homeostasis via TNF-α-PI3K-Cdk1/Cyclin B1 axis.NPJ Regenerative medicine · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Post-lactational mammary gland regression encompasses extensive programmed cell death and removal of milk-producing epithelial cells, breakdown of extracellular matrix components and redifferentiation of stromal adipocytes. This highly regulated involution process is associated with a transient increased risk of breast cancer in women. Using a syngeneic tumour model, we show that tumour growth is significantly altered depending on the stage of involution at which tumour cells are implanted. Tumour cells injected at day 3 involution grew faster than those in nulliparous mice, whereas tumours initiated at day 6 involution grew significantly slower. These differences in tumour progression correlate with distinct changes in innate immune cells, in particular among F4/80-expressing macrophages and among TCRδ+ unconventional T cells. Breast cancer post-pregnancy risk is exacerbated in older first-time mothers and, in our model, initial tumour growth is moderately faster in aged mice compared with young mice. Our results have implications for breast cancer risk and the use of anti-inflammatory therapeutics for postpartum breast cancers.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.