ArticleDrug testing and analysis2022
Easy and convenient millimole-scale synthesis of new, potential biomarkers for gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) intake: Feasible for analytical laboratories.
Article in Drug testing and analysis, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 5 citations in OpenAlex.
- Interpol review of forensic drug chemistry, 2022-2025.Forensic science international. Synergy · 2026Review
- Biomarkers of Gamma-Hydroxybutyric Acid (GHB) Exposure: A Comprehensive Review of Analytical and Forensic Advances.Toxics · 2025Review
- Urinary concentrations of GHB and its novel amino acid and carnitine conjugates following controlled GHB administration to humans.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Easy and convenient millimole-scale synthesis of new, potential biomarkers for gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) intake: Feasible for analytical laboratories.Drug testing and analysis · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
New biomarkers indicating the abuse of drugs and alcohol are still of major interest for clinical and forensic sciences. The endogenous neurotransmitter and approved drug, gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), is often illegally used for drug-facilitated crimes by spiking GHB into alcoholic beverages. Analytical detection windows of only 6 h in blood and 12 h in urine are often too short to provide reliable proof of GHB ingestion. Therefore, new biomarkers are needed to prove exogenous GHB administration. Previously, amino acid GHB conjugates were discovered in an untargeted metabolomics screening and fatty acid esters with GHB were recently discussed as promising biomarkers to enlarge the analytical detection time windows. However, the development of analytical methods is still slowed down since reference compounds for targeted screenings are still missing. In this paper, we describe simple procedures for the rapid synthesis and purification of amino acid GHB conjugates as well as fatty acid esters, which can be adopted in analytical and clinical/forensic laboratories. Structural characterization data, together with IR,
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