ArticleJournal of the American Geriatrics Society2022
Social isolation, homebound status, and race among older adults: Findings from the National Health and Aging Trends Study (2011-2019).
Article in Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Prevalence of social alienation in community-dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC geriatrics · 2026Pooled it
- Correlates of Homebound Status by Rural/Urban Location, Socio-Demographic Characteristics, and Health Status.Journal of applied gerontology : the official journal of the Southern Gerontological Society · 2026Article
- Associations of Homebound State in Older Adults With Neighborhood Social Cohesion.Journal of applied gerontology : the official journal of the Southern Gerontological Society · 2026Article
- CAPABLEJournal of applied gerontology : the official journal of the Southern Gerontological Society · 2026Article
- Trajectories of Social Activity Engagement and Physical and Cognitive Function During the Last Years of Life.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · 2026Article
- The "ELDERDES" model: how older adults' adoption of digital environment solutions improves residential experiences, health outcomes, and enables independent living.Frontiers in public health · 2026Review
- Effects of social isolation on all-cause mortality in older adults: do age, gender, and measurement matter?Innovation in aging · 2026Article
- The mediating effect of activities of daily living (ADL) disability on the association between depressive symptoms and cognitive impairment in older adults: a National study.BMC geriatrics · 2025Article
- Leveraging human-centered design to advance social connection for older adults living in subsidized housing.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · 2025Article
- Feasibility and Usability of a Web-Based Peer Support Network for Care Partners of People With Serious Illness (ConnectShareCare): Observational Study.JMIR formative research · 2025Observational
- The Epidemiology of Social Isolation and Loneliness Among Family and Unpaid Caregivers of Older Adults: Findings From the National Study of Caregiving.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2025Article
- Loneliness and social isolation risk factors in community-dwelling older adults receiving home health services.BMC geriatrics · 2025Article
- Prevalence and Correlates of Social Isolation Among Older Adults in Subsidized Housing.The Gerontologist · 2025Article
- Home, but Homebound After Traumatic Brain Injury: Risk Factors and Associations With Nursing Home Entry and Death.Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation · 2025Article
- Homebound Older Adults and Transportation Barriers to Social and Community Activities.Journal of transport & health · 2025Article
- Challenges to Social Connection Among Black Men with Chronic Conditions: Examination of Structural, Functional, and Quality Domains.Ethnicity & disease · 2025Article
- Longitudinal associations of time-varying homeboundness and life satisfaction after traumatic brain injury.Rehabilitation psychology · 2025Article
- Large floods drive changes in cause-specific mortality in the United States.Nature medicine · 2025Article
- The impact of bidirectional emotional support on social isolation in older adults: the mediating role of depression and the moderating role of activities of daily living.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Social Isolation and Hospitalization in Community-Dwelling Older Adults by Dementia Status.The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2024Observational
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundMultiple factors may influence the risk of being homebound, including social isolation and race. This study examines the relationship between social isolation and homebound status by race over 9 years in a sample of adults.
methodsUtilizing a representative sample of 7788 Medicare beneficiaries aged 65+ from 2011-2019, we assessed the odds of becoming homebound by social isolation. We defined social isolation as the objective lack of contact with others. We defined severe social isolation as scoring a 0 or 1 on a social connection scale from 0 to 4. Homebound status was defined as never leaving home or only leaving home with difficulty. Utilizing a multivariate Cox proportional hazards model adjusting for age, gender, marital status, income, and education, we examined the association between social isolation at baseline and becoming homebound during the study in those who were not initially homebound.
resultsOlder adults in this study were on average 78 years old. Overall, most were white (69%), female (56.3%), and married (57.8%) and reported that they had a college education or higher (43.9%). Also, at baseline, approximately 25% of study participants were socially isolated, 21% were homebound, and 6.3% were homebound and socially isolated or severely socially isolated. Homebound status at baseline varied by race: Black, 23.9% and white, 16.6% (p < 0.0001). After 9 years, socially isolated black (hazard risk ratio, HRR 1.35, 95% confidence interval CI [1.05,1.73], p < 0.05) and white (HRR 1.25, 95% CI [1.09,1.42], p < 0.01) older adults were at higher risk of becoming homebound.
conclusionSocially isolated black and white adults are more likely to be homebound at baseline and become homebound over time. Further research is needed to determine whether community-based strategies and policies that identify and address social isolation reduce homebound status among community-dwelling older adults.
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