ReviewRheumatology (Oxford, England)2022
Chilblains in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: a review.
Review in Rheumatology (Oxford, England), 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 33 citations in OpenAlex.
- Lack of guidelines for cold exposure among vulnerable outdoor workers.International journal of circumpolar health · 2026Review
- Cold-sensitive acral hand lesions.JAAD case reports · 2026Article
- Palmar Cutaneous Erythematous Macules: A Case Report of an Atypical Presentation of Chilblain Lupus Erythematosus.Cureus · 2026Article
- Chilblain lupus: A rare form of cutaneous lupus erythematosus - A case report.SAGE open medical case reports · 2026Article
- Successful treatment of refractory chilblain lupus erythematosus with bosentan.Rheumatology (Oxford, England) · 2025Article
- Chilblain acral lesions in a patient with lupus after COVID-19 infection.Bulletin of the Hospital for Joint Disease (2013) · 2025Article
- Idiopathic chilblain: a case series from Injibara General Hospital, Ethiopia.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Trends and Associations of Chilblains Prevalence with Connective Tissue Diseases, Including COVID-19 Incidence.Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dermatology · 2025Article
- Dermatosis Neglecta and Chilblain Lupus Erythematosus Occurred Post Surgery of Basal Cell Carcinoma: A Case Report.Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dermatology · 2025Article
- Gain-of-function human UNC93B1 variants cause systemic lupus erythematosus and chilblain lupus.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2024Article
- The Spectrum of Cutaneous Manifestations in Lupus Erythematosus: A Comprehensive Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
- Panoramic view of clinical features of lupus erythematosus: a cross-sectional multicentre study from China.Lupus science & medicine · 2023Article
- Chilblain lupus erythematosus on the heels.Rheumatology advances in practice · 2023Article
- Cutaneous lupus erythematosus: a review of etiopathogenic, clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects.Anais brasileiros de dermatologiaReview
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Chilblains were first described over a hundred years ago as cutaneous inflammatory lesions, typically on the digits, occurring on cold exposure. Chilblains can be primary, or secondary to a number of conditions such as infections, including COVID-19, and immune-mediated inflammatory disorders (IMIDs) with SLE being the commonest. Chilblain lupus erythematosus (CHLE) was first described in 1888 as cold-induced erythematous lesions before the terms 'chilblains' or 'perniosis' were coined. Diagnostic criteria exist for both chilblains and CHLE. Histopathologically, CHLE lesions show interface dermatitis with perivascular lymphocytic infiltrate. Immunofluorescence demonstrates linear deposits of immunoglobulins and complement in the dermo-epidermal junction. This narrative review focuses on chilblains secondary to immune-mediated inflammatory disorders, primarily the epidemiology, pathogenesis and treatment of CHLE.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.