Evidence map›Paper›PMID 35411530›Full record

ArticleJournal of general internal medicine2022

Racial Discrimination, Mental Health and Behavioral Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic: a National Survey in the United States.

Lu Shi, Donglan Zhang, Emily Martin, Zhuo Chen, Hongmei Li, Xuesong Han, Ming Wen, Liwei Chen, Yan Li, Jian Li and 5 more

Open access · bronzeAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of general internal medicine, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
33citing papers in PubMed
18.5field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

33 citing papers in PubMed, 49 citations in OpenAlex.

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  4. Mental and Physical Health Impacts of Anti-Asian Violence on Chinese Older Adults.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

15 authors at 10 institutions in 2 countries.

Lu Shi *Department of Public Health Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA.
Donglan Zhang *New York University Long Island School of Medicine, 101 Mineola Blvd, Mineola, NY, 11501, USA. Donglan.Zhang@nyulangone.org.ORCID 0000-0001-5225-4721
Emily Martin *Department of Public Health Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA.
Zhuo ChenDepartment of Health Policy and Management, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
Hongmei LiDepartment of Media, Journalism and Film, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA.
Xuesong HanSurveillance and Health Equity Science, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Ming WenDepartment of Sociology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
Liwei ChenDepartment of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Yan LiDepartment of Population Health Science and Policy, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA.
Jian LiDepartment of Environmental Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, School of Nursing, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Baojiang ChenDepartment of Biostatistics and Data Science, School of Public Health in Austin, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Austin, TX, USA.
Athena K RamosCenter for Reducing Health Disparities, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
Keyonna M KingCenter for Reducing Health Disparities, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
Tzeyu MichaudCenter for Reducing Health Disparities, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
Dejun SuCenter for Reducing Health Disparities, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
University of Nebraska Medical Center · USClemson University · USUniversity of California, Los Angeles · USAmerican Cancer Society · USIcahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai · USLong Island University · USMiami University · USThe University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston · USUniversity of Nottingham Ningbo China · CNUniversity of Utah · US

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundWhile hate crimes rose during the COVID-19 pandemic, few studies examined whether this pandemic-time racial discrimination has led to negative health consequences at the population level.

objectiveWe examined whether experienced and perceived racial discrimination were associated with mental or behavioral health outcomes during the pandemic.

designIn October 2020, we conducted a national survey with minorities oversampled that covered respondents' sociodemographic background and health-related information.

participantsA total of 2709 participants responded to the survey (response rate: 4.2%). MAIN MEASURES: The exposure variables included (1) experienced and encountered racial discrimination, (2) experienced racial and ethnic cyberbullying, and (3) perceived racial bias. Mental health outcomes were measured by psychological distress and self-rated happiness. Measures for behavioral health included sleep quality, change in cigarette smoking, and change in alcohol consumption. Weighted logistic regressions were performed to estimate the associations between the exposure variables and the outcomes, controlling for age, gender, race and ethnicity, educational attainment, household income, eligibility to vote, political party, COVID-19 infection, and geographic region. Separate regressions were performed in the six racial and ethnic subgroups: non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, East Asian, South Asian, and Southeast Asian respondents. KEY

resultsExperienced racial discrimination was associated with higher likelihood of psychological distress (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.18, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.34-3.55). Experienced racial discrimination (AOR = 2.31, 95% CI: 1.34-3.99) and perceived racial bias (AOR = 1.05, 95% CI: 1.00-1.09) were both associated with increased cigarette smoking. The associations between racial discrimination and mental distress and substance use were most salient among Black, East Asian, South Asian, and Hispanic respondents.

conclusionsRacial discrimination may be associated with higher likelihood of distress, and cigarette smoking among racial and ethnic minorities. Addressing racial discrimination is important for mitigating negative mental and behavioral health ramifications of the pandemic.

Indexed as

COVID-19RacismHumansMental HealthPandemicsRacial GroupsUnited StatesCOVID-19cyberbullymental healthpandemicracial biasracial discriminationsubstance use

Identifiers

PMID35411530
PMCPMC8999987
OpenAlexW4223452240

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.