Evidence map›Paper›PMID 35410909›Full record

ArticleNeurology2022

Dysgraphia Phenotypes in Native Chinese Speakers With Primary Progressive Aphasia.

Boon Lead Tee, Li Ying Lorinda Kwan-Chen, Ta-Fu Chen, Connie T Y Yan, Joshua Tsoh, Andrew Lung-Tat Chan, Adrian Wong, Raymond Y Lo, Chien Long Lu, Pei-Ning Wang and 7 more

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Neurology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
17citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

17 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Article
  3. The include network: Advancing cross-linguistic equity in brain health research.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026
    Article
  4. Review
  5. Article
  6. Non-fluent agrammatic variant of primary progressive aphasia in a bilingual Mandarin/English speaker: a case report.Archives of clinical neuropsychology : the official journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists · 2026
    Article
  7. Article
  8. Review
  9. Article
  10. Language disorders in understudied languages: Opening editorial.Cortex; a journal devoted to the study of the nervous system and behavior · 2025
    Article
  11. Article
  12. More than a piece of cake: Noun classifier processing in primary progressive aphasia.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2024
    Article
  13. Review
  14. Article
  15. Review
  16. Gaps in clinical research in frontotemporal dementia: A call for diversity and disparities-focused research.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2023
    Article
  17. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

17 authors.

Boon Lead TeeFrom the Memory and Aging Center (B.L.T., G.B., B.L.M., M.L.G.-T.), Department of Neurology, Dyslexia Center (B.L.T., G.B., M.L.G.-T.), Global Brain Health Institute (B.L.T., M.L.G.-T.), and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (I.E.A.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neurology (B.L.T., R.Y.L.), Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan R.O.C.; Department of Special Education and Counselling (L.Y.L.K.-C.), The Education University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (T.-F.C., Y.L.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C.; Department of Psychiatry (C.T.Y.Y., J.T.), ShaTin Hospital, Hong Kong; Department of Medicine (C.T.Y.Y., J.T., A.W.), Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Medicine (A.L.-T.C.), Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (C.L.L.), En Chu Kong Hospital, New Taipei City; Division of General Neurology, Department of Neurological Institute (P.-N.W.), Taipei Veterans General Hospital; School of Medicine (P.-N.W.) and Brain Research Center (P.-N.W.), National Yang-Ming Chiao-Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C.; Department of Foreign Languages and Literature (F.G.Y.), National Tsing Hua University, HsinChu, Taiwan R.O.C.; Department of Radiology (F.G.Y.), Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Japan; Department of Psychology (N.F.D.), University of California, Berkeley; and Department of Neurology (N.F.D.), University of California, Davis. boonlead.tee@ucsf.edu.ORCID 0000-0003-2217-3466
Li Ying Lorinda Kwan-ChenFrom the Memory and Aging Center (B.L.T., G.B., B.L.M., M.L.G.-T.), Department of Neurology, Dyslexia Center (B.L.T., G.B., M.L.G.-T.), Global Brain Health Institute (B.L.T., M.L.G.-T.), and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (I.E.A.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neurology (B.L.T., R.Y.L.), Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan R.O.C.; Department of Special Education and Counselling (L.Y.L.K.-C.), The Education University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (T.-F.C., Y.L.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C.; Department of Psychiatry (C.T.Y.Y., J.T.), ShaTin Hospital, Hong Kong; Department of Medicine (C.T.Y.Y., J.T., A.W.), Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Medicine (A.L.-T.C.), Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (C.L.L.), En Chu Kong Hospital, New Taipei City; Division of General Neurology, Department of Neurological Institute (P.-N.W.), Taipei Veterans General Hospital; School of Medicine (P.-N.W.) and Brain Research Center (P.-N.W.), National Yang-Ming Chiao-Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C.; Department of Foreign Languages and Literature (F.G.Y.), National Tsing Hua University, HsinChu, Taiwan R.O.C.; Department of Radiology (F.G.Y.), Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Japan; Department of Psychology (N.F.D.), University of California, Berkeley; and Department of Neurology (N.F.D.), University of California, Davis.ORCID 0000-0002-9820-5711
Ta-Fu ChenFrom the Memory and Aging Center (B.L.T., G.B., B.L.M., M.L.G.-T.), Department of Neurology, Dyslexia Center (B.L.T., G.B., M.L.G.-T.), Global Brain Health Institute (B.L.T., M.L.G.-T.), and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (I.E.A.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neurology (B.L.T., R.Y.L.), Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan R.O.C.; Department of Special Education and Counselling (L.Y.L.K.-C.), The Education University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (T.-F.C., Y.L.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C.; Department of Psychiatry (C.T.Y.Y., J.T.), ShaTin Hospital, Hong Kong; Department of Medicine (C.T.Y.Y., J.T., A.W.), Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Medicine (A.L.-T.C.), Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (C.L.L.), En Chu Kong Hospital, New Taipei City; Division of General Neurology, Department of Neurological Institute (P.-N.W.), Taipei Veterans General Hospital; School of Medicine (P.-N.W.) and Brain Research Center (P.-N.W.), National Yang-Ming Chiao-Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C.; Department of Foreign Languages and Literature (F.G.Y.), National Tsing Hua University, HsinChu, Taiwan R.O.C.; Department of Radiology (F.G.Y.), Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Japan; Department of Psychology (N.F.D.), University of California, Berkeley; and Department of Neurology (N.F.D.), University of California, Davis.ORCID 0000-0003-1988-6924
Connie T Y YanFrom the Memory and Aging Center (B.L.T., G.B., B.L.M., M.L.G.-T.), Department of Neurology, Dyslexia Center (B.L.T., G.B., M.L.G.-T.), Global Brain Health Institute (B.L.T., M.L.G.-T.), and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (I.E.A.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neurology (B.L.T., R.Y.L.), Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan R.O.C.; Department of Special Education and Counselling (L.Y.L.K.-C.), The Education University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (T.-F.C., Y.L.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C.; Department of Psychiatry (C.T.Y.Y., J.T.), ShaTin Hospital, Hong Kong; Department of Medicine (C.T.Y.Y., J.T., A.W.), Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Medicine (A.L.-T.C.), Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (C.L.L.), En Chu Kong Hospital, New Taipei City; Division of General Neurology, Department of Neurological Institute (P.-N.W.), Taipei Veterans General Hospital; School of Medicine (P.-N.W.) and Brain Research Center (P.-N.W.), National Yang-Ming Chiao-Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C.; Department of Foreign Languages and Literature (F.G.Y.), National Tsing Hua University, HsinChu, Taiwan R.O.C.; Department of Radiology (F.G.Y.), Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Japan; Department of Psychology (N.F.D.), University of California, Berkeley; and Department of Neurology (N.F.D.), University of California, Davis.
Joshua TsohFrom the Memory and Aging Center (B.L.T., G.B., B.L.M., M.L.G.-T.), Department of Neurology, Dyslexia Center (B.L.T., G.B., M.L.G.-T.), Global Brain Health Institute (B.L.T., M.L.G.-T.), and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (I.E.A.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neurology (B.L.T., R.Y.L.), Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan R.O.C.; Department of Special Education and Counselling (L.Y.L.K.-C.), The Education University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (T.-F.C., Y.L.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C.; Department of Psychiatry (C.T.Y.Y., J.T.), ShaTin Hospital, Hong Kong; Department of Medicine (C.T.Y.Y., J.T., A.W.), Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Medicine (A.L.-T.C.), Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (C.L.L.), En Chu Kong Hospital, New Taipei City; Division of General Neurology, Department of Neurological Institute (P.-N.W.), Taipei Veterans General Hospital; School of Medicine (P.-N.W.) and Brain Research Center (P.-N.W.), National Yang-Ming Chiao-Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C.; Department of Foreign Languages and Literature (F.G.Y.), National Tsing Hua University, HsinChu, Taiwan R.O.C.; Department of Radiology (F.G.Y.), Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Japan; Department of Psychology (N.F.D.), University of California, Berkeley; and Department of Neurology (N.F.D.), University of California, Davis.
Andrew Lung-Tat ChanFrom the Memory and Aging Center (B.L.T., G.B., B.L.M., M.L.G.-T.), Department of Neurology, Dyslexia Center (B.L.T., G.B., M.L.G.-T.), Global Brain Health Institute (B.L.T., M.L.G.-T.), and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (I.E.A.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neurology (B.L.T., R.Y.L.), Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan R.O.C.; Department of Special Education and Counselling (L.Y.L.K.-C.), The Education University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (T.-F.C., Y.L.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C.; Department of Psychiatry (C.T.Y.Y., J.T.), ShaTin Hospital, Hong Kong; Department of Medicine (C.T.Y.Y., J.T., A.W.), Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Medicine (A.L.-T.C.), Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (C.L.L.), En Chu Kong Hospital, New Taipei City; Division of General Neurology, Department of Neurological Institute (P.-N.W.), Taipei Veterans General Hospital; School of Medicine (P.-N.W.) and Brain Research Center (P.-N.W.), National Yang-Ming Chiao-Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C.; Department of Foreign Languages and Literature (F.G.Y.), National Tsing Hua University, HsinChu, Taiwan R.O.C.; Department of Radiology (F.G.Y.), Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Japan; Department of Psychology (N.F.D.), University of California, Berkeley; and Department of Neurology (N.F.D.), University of California, Davis.
Adrian WongFrom the Memory and Aging Center (B.L.T., G.B., B.L.M., M.L.G.-T.), Department of Neurology, Dyslexia Center (B.L.T., G.B., M.L.G.-T.), Global Brain Health Institute (B.L.T., M.L.G.-T.), and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (I.E.A.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neurology (B.L.T., R.Y.L.), Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan R.O.C.; Department of Special Education and Counselling (L.Y.L.K.-C.), The Education University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (T.-F.C., Y.L.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C.; Department of Psychiatry (C.T.Y.Y., J.T.), ShaTin Hospital, Hong Kong; Department of Medicine (C.T.Y.Y., J.T., A.W.), Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Medicine (A.L.-T.C.), Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (C.L.L.), En Chu Kong Hospital, New Taipei City; Division of General Neurology, Department of Neurological Institute (P.-N.W.), Taipei Veterans General Hospital; School of Medicine (P.-N.W.) and Brain Research Center (P.-N.W.), National Yang-Ming Chiao-Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C.; Department of Foreign Languages and Literature (F.G.Y.), National Tsing Hua University, HsinChu, Taiwan R.O.C.; Department of Radiology (F.G.Y.), Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Japan; Department of Psychology (N.F.D.), University of California, Berkeley; and Department of Neurology (N.F.D.), University of California, Davis.
Raymond Y LoFrom the Memory and Aging Center (B.L.T., G.B., B.L.M., M.L.G.-T.), Department of Neurology, Dyslexia Center (B.L.T., G.B., M.L.G.-T.), Global Brain Health Institute (B.L.T., M.L.G.-T.), and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (I.E.A.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neurology (B.L.T., R.Y.L.), Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan R.O.C.; Department of Special Education and Counselling (L.Y.L.K.-C.), The Education University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (T.-F.C., Y.L.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C.; Department of Psychiatry (C.T.Y.Y., J.T.), ShaTin Hospital, Hong Kong; Department of Medicine (C.T.Y.Y., J.T., A.W.), Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Medicine (A.L.-T.C.), Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (C.L.L.), En Chu Kong Hospital, New Taipei City; Division of General Neurology, Department of Neurological Institute (P.-N.W.), Taipei Veterans General Hospital; School of Medicine (P.-N.W.) and Brain Research Center (P.-N.W.), National Yang-Ming Chiao-Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C.; Department of Foreign Languages and Literature (F.G.Y.), National Tsing Hua University, HsinChu, Taiwan R.O.C.; Department of Radiology (F.G.Y.), Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Japan; Department of Psychology (N.F.D.), University of California, Berkeley; and Department of Neurology (N.F.D.), University of California, Davis.ORCID 0000-0001-6510-1935
Chien Long LuFrom the Memory and Aging Center (B.L.T., G.B., B.L.M., M.L.G.-T.), Department of Neurology, Dyslexia Center (B.L.T., G.B., M.L.G.-T.), Global Brain Health Institute (B.L.T., M.L.G.-T.), and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (I.E.A.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neurology (B.L.T., R.Y.L.), Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan R.O.C.; Department of Special Education and Counselling (L.Y.L.K.-C.), The Education University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (T.-F.C., Y.L.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C.; Department of Psychiatry (C.T.Y.Y., J.T.), ShaTin Hospital, Hong Kong; Department of Medicine (C.T.Y.Y., J.T., A.W.), Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Medicine (A.L.-T.C.), Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (C.L.L.), En Chu Kong Hospital, New Taipei City; Division of General Neurology, Department of Neurological Institute (P.-N.W.), Taipei Veterans General Hospital; School of Medicine (P.-N.W.) and Brain Research Center (P.-N.W.), National Yang-Ming Chiao-Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C.; Department of Foreign Languages and Literature (F.G.Y.), National Tsing Hua University, HsinChu, Taiwan R.O.C.; Department of Radiology (F.G.Y.), Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Japan; Department of Psychology (N.F.D.), University of California, Berkeley; and Department of Neurology (N.F.D.), University of California, Davis.
Pei-Ning WangFrom the Memory and Aging Center (B.L.T., G.B., B.L.M., M.L.G.-T.), Department of Neurology, Dyslexia Center (B.L.T., G.B., M.L.G.-T.), Global Brain Health Institute (B.L.T., M.L.G.-T.), and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (I.E.A.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neurology (B.L.T., R.Y.L.), Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan R.O.C.; Department of Special Education and Counselling (L.Y.L.K.-C.), The Education University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (T.-F.C., Y.L.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C.; Department of Psychiatry (C.T.Y.Y., J.T.), ShaTin Hospital, Hong Kong; Department of Medicine (C.T.Y.Y., J.T., A.W.), Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Medicine (A.L.-T.C.), Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (C.L.L.), En Chu Kong Hospital, New Taipei City; Division of General Neurology, Department of Neurological Institute (P.-N.W.), Taipei Veterans General Hospital; School of Medicine (P.-N.W.) and Brain Research Center (P.-N.W.), National Yang-Ming Chiao-Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C.; Department of Foreign Languages and Literature (F.G.Y.), National Tsing Hua University, HsinChu, Taiwan R.O.C.; Department of Radiology (F.G.Y.), Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Japan; Department of Psychology (N.F.D.), University of California, Berkeley; and Department of Neurology (N.F.D.), University of California, Davis.
YiChen LeeFrom the Memory and Aging Center (B.L.T., G.B., B.L.M., M.L.G.-T.), Department of Neurology, Dyslexia Center (B.L.T., G.B., M.L.G.-T.), Global Brain Health Institute (B.L.T., M.L.G.-T.), and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (I.E.A.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neurology (B.L.T., R.Y.L.), Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan R.O.C.; Department of Special Education and Counselling (L.Y.L.K.-C.), The Education University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (T.-F.C., Y.L.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C.; Department of Psychiatry (C.T.Y.Y., J.T.), ShaTin Hospital, Hong Kong; Department of Medicine (C.T.Y.Y., J.T., A.W.), Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Medicine (A.L.-T.C.), Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (C.L.L.), En Chu Kong Hospital, New Taipei City; Division of General Neurology, Department of Neurological Institute (P.-N.W.), Taipei Veterans General Hospital; School of Medicine (P.-N.W.) and Brain Research Center (P.-N.W.), National Yang-Ming Chiao-Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C.; Department of Foreign Languages and Literature (F.G.Y.), National Tsing Hua University, HsinChu, Taiwan R.O.C.; Department of Radiology (F.G.Y.), Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Japan; Department of Psychology (N.F.D.), University of California, Berkeley; and Department of Neurology (N.F.D.), University of California, Davis.
Fanpei G YangFrom the Memory and Aging Center (B.L.T., G.B., B.L.M., M.L.G.-T.), Department of Neurology, Dyslexia Center (B.L.T., G.B., M.L.G.-T.), Global Brain Health Institute (B.L.T., M.L.G.-T.), and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (I.E.A.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neurology (B.L.T., R.Y.L.), Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan R.O.C.; Department of Special Education and Counselling (L.Y.L.K.-C.), The Education University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (T.-F.C., Y.L.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C.; Department of Psychiatry (C.T.Y.Y., J.T.), ShaTin Hospital, Hong Kong; Department of Medicine (C.T.Y.Y., J.T., A.W.), Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Medicine (A.L.-T.C.), Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (C.L.L.), En Chu Kong Hospital, New Taipei City; Division of General Neurology, Department of Neurological Institute (P.-N.W.), Taipei Veterans General Hospital; School of Medicine (P.-N.W.) and Brain Research Center (P.-N.W.), National Yang-Ming Chiao-Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C.; Department of Foreign Languages and Literature (F.G.Y.), National Tsing Hua University, HsinChu, Taiwan R.O.C.; Department of Radiology (F.G.Y.), Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Japan; Department of Psychology (N.F.D.), University of California, Berkeley; and Department of Neurology (N.F.D.), University of California, Davis.
Giovanni BattistellaFrom the Memory and Aging Center (B.L.T., G.B., B.L.M., M.L.G.-T.), Department of Neurology, Dyslexia Center (B.L.T., G.B., M.L.G.-T.), Global Brain Health Institute (B.L.T., M.L.G.-T.), and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (I.E.A.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neurology (B.L.T., R.Y.L.), Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan R.O.C.; Department of Special Education and Counselling (L.Y.L.K.-C.), The Education University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (T.-F.C., Y.L.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C.; Department of Psychiatry (C.T.Y.Y., J.T.), ShaTin Hospital, Hong Kong; Department of Medicine (C.T.Y.Y., J.T., A.W.), Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Medicine (A.L.-T.C.), Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (C.L.L.), En Chu Kong Hospital, New Taipei City; Division of General Neurology, Department of Neurological Institute (P.-N.W.), Taipei Veterans General Hospital; School of Medicine (P.-N.W.) and Brain Research Center (P.-N.W.), National Yang-Ming Chiao-Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C.; Department of Foreign Languages and Literature (F.G.Y.), National Tsing Hua University, HsinChu, Taiwan R.O.C.; Department of Radiology (F.G.Y.), Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Japan; Department of Psychology (N.F.D.), University of California, Berkeley; and Department of Neurology (N.F.D.), University of California, Davis.
Isabel Elaine AllenFrom the Memory and Aging Center (B.L.T., G.B., B.L.M., M.L.G.-T.), Department of Neurology, Dyslexia Center (B.L.T., G.B., M.L.G.-T.), Global Brain Health Institute (B.L.T., M.L.G.-T.), and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (I.E.A.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neurology (B.L.T., R.Y.L.), Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan R.O.C.; Department of Special Education and Counselling (L.Y.L.K.-C.), The Education University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (T.-F.C., Y.L.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C.; Department of Psychiatry (C.T.Y.Y., J.T.), ShaTin Hospital, Hong Kong; Department of Medicine (C.T.Y.Y., J.T., A.W.), Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Medicine (A.L.-T.C.), Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (C.L.L.), En Chu Kong Hospital, New Taipei City; Division of General Neurology, Department of Neurological Institute (P.-N.W.), Taipei Veterans General Hospital; School of Medicine (P.-N.W.) and Brain Research Center (P.-N.W.), National Yang-Ming Chiao-Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C.; Department of Foreign Languages and Literature (F.G.Y.), National Tsing Hua University, HsinChu, Taiwan R.O.C.; Department of Radiology (F.G.Y.), Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Japan; Department of Psychology (N.F.D.), University of California, Berkeley; and Department of Neurology (N.F.D.), University of California, Davis.
Nina F DronkersFrom the Memory and Aging Center (B.L.T., G.B., B.L.M., M.L.G.-T.), Department of Neurology, Dyslexia Center (B.L.T., G.B., M.L.G.-T.), Global Brain Health Institute (B.L.T., M.L.G.-T.), and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (I.E.A.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neurology (B.L.T., R.Y.L.), Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan R.O.C.; Department of Special Education and Counselling (L.Y.L.K.-C.), The Education University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (T.-F.C., Y.L.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C.; Department of Psychiatry (C.T.Y.Y., J.T.), ShaTin Hospital, Hong Kong; Department of Medicine (C.T.Y.Y., J.T., A.W.), Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Medicine (A.L.-T.C.), Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (C.L.L.), En Chu Kong Hospital, New Taipei City; Division of General Neurology, Department of Neurological Institute (P.-N.W.), Taipei Veterans General Hospital; School of Medicine (P.-N.W.) and Brain Research Center (P.-N.W.), National Yang-Ming Chiao-Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C.; Department of Foreign Languages and Literature (F.G.Y.), National Tsing Hua University, HsinChu, Taiwan R.O.C.; Department of Radiology (F.G.Y.), Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Japan; Department of Psychology (N.F.D.), University of California, Berkeley; and Department of Neurology (N.F.D.), University of California, Davis.
Bruce L MillerFrom the Memory and Aging Center (B.L.T., G.B., B.L.M., M.L.G.-T.), Department of Neurology, Dyslexia Center (B.L.T., G.B., M.L.G.-T.), Global Brain Health Institute (B.L.T., M.L.G.-T.), and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (I.E.A.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neurology (B.L.T., R.Y.L.), Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan R.O.C.; Department of Special Education and Counselling (L.Y.L.K.-C.), The Education University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (T.-F.C., Y.L.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C.; Department of Psychiatry (C.T.Y.Y., J.T.), ShaTin Hospital, Hong Kong; Department of Medicine (C.T.Y.Y., J.T., A.W.), Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Medicine (A.L.-T.C.), Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (C.L.L.), En Chu Kong Hospital, New Taipei City; Division of General Neurology, Department of Neurological Institute (P.-N.W.), Taipei Veterans General Hospital; School of Medicine (P.-N.W.) and Brain Research Center (P.-N.W.), National Yang-Ming Chiao-Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C.; Department of Foreign Languages and Literature (F.G.Y.), National Tsing Hua University, HsinChu, Taiwan R.O.C.; Department of Radiology (F.G.Y.), Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Japan; Department of Psychology (N.F.D.), University of California, Berkeley; and Department of Neurology (N.F.D.), University of California, Davis.
Maria Luisa Gorno-TempiniFrom the Memory and Aging Center (B.L.T., G.B., B.L.M., M.L.G.-T.), Department of Neurology, Dyslexia Center (B.L.T., G.B., M.L.G.-T.), Global Brain Health Institute (B.L.T., M.L.G.-T.), and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (I.E.A.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neurology (B.L.T., R.Y.L.), Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan R.O.C.; Department of Special Education and Counselling (L.Y.L.K.-C.), The Education University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (T.-F.C., Y.L.), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C.; Department of Psychiatry (C.T.Y.Y., J.T.), ShaTin Hospital, Hong Kong; Department of Medicine (C.T.Y.Y., J.T., A.W.), Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Medicine (A.L.-T.C.), Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong; Department of Neurology (C.L.L.), En Chu Kong Hospital, New Taipei City; Division of General Neurology, Department of Neurological Institute (P.-N.W.), Taipei Veterans General Hospital; School of Medicine (P.-N.W.) and Brain Research Center (P.-N.W.), National Yang-Ming Chiao-Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C.; Department of Foreign Languages and Literature (F.G.Y.), National Tsing Hua University, HsinChu, Taiwan R.O.C.; Department of Radiology (F.G.Y.), Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Japan; Department of Psychology (N.F.D.), University of California, Berkeley; and Department of Neurology (N.F.D.), University of California, Davis.

Funding

TDP-43 Loss-of-Function: Biology to BiomarkersP01AG019724 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA · PI Jennifer Merrilees · 2002 to 2026
$67.2M
Research Education ComponentP30AG062422 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI Gil Dan Rabinovici · 2019 to 2026
$36.9M
PrPSc SPECIFIC INTERACTION WITH NOVEL PrP-Fc FUSION PROTEINSP50AG023501 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI HUANG, YADONG · 2004 to 2018
$27.1M
The Four Repeat Tauopathy Neuroimaging InitiativeR01AG038791 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI BOXER, ADAM L. · 2010 to 2020
$18.1M
Longitudinal Evaluation of Familial Frontotemporal Dementia Subjects (LEFFTDS)U01AG045390 · NIA · MAYO CLINIC ROCHESTER · PI BOEVE, BRADLEY F, ROSEN, HOWARD J · 2014 to 2018
$16.9M
Progressive Aphasia Cognition Anatomy and ProgressionR01NS050915 · NINDS · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI MARIA LUISA GORNO TEMPINI · 2004 to 2026
$11.0M
Training - The Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration Clinical Research ConsortiumU54NS092089 · NINDS · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI BOXER, ADAM L. · 2014 to 2018
$6.4M
Connectomic imaging in familial and sporadic frontotemporal degenerationU01AG052943 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA · PI GORNO TEMPINI, MARIA LUISA, GROSSMAN, MURRAY · 2016 to 2019
$5.9M
Primary Progressive Aphasia: Cognition, Anatomy and ProgressionRF1NS050915 · NINDS · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI GORNO TEMPINI, MARIA LUISA · 2022 to 2022
$4.7M
Neural Mechanisms of Language Production Decline in Primary Progressive AphasiaR01DC016345 · NIDCD · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BERKELEY · PI DRONKERS, NINA F. · 2017 to 2022
$2.8M
The UCSF Brain Health Assessment for the Detection of Cognitive Impairment Among Diverse Populations in Primary CareUG3NS105557 · NINDS · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI POSSIN, KATHERINE LAUREL · 2017 to 2018
$2.4M
Training program in the neurology of language and neurodegenerative aphasiasK24DC015544 · NIDCD · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI GORNO TEMPINI, MARIA LUISA · 2016 to 2025
$1.9M
NIA NIH HHS P01 AG019724NIA NIH HHS P30 AG062422NIA NIH HHS P50 AG023501NIA NIH HHS R01 AG038791NIA NIH HHS R21 AG068757NIA NIH HHS U01 AG045390NIA NIH HHS U01 AG052943NIDCD NIH HHS K24 DC015544NIDCD NIH HHS R01 DC016345NINDS NIH HHS R01 NS050915NINDS NIH HHS RF1 NS050915NINDS NIH HHS U54 NS092089NINDS NIH HHS UG3 NS105557
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND

objectivesMost primary progressive aphasia (PPA) literature is based on English language users. Linguistic features that vary from English, such as logographic writing systems, are underinvestigated. The current study characterized the dysgraphia phenotypes of patients with PPA who write in Chinese and investigated their diagnostic utility in classifying PPA variants.

methodsThis study recruited 40 participants with PPA and 20 cognitively normal participants from San Francisco, Hong Kong, and Taiwan. We measured dictation accuracy using the Chinese Language Assessment for PPA (CLAP) 60-character orthographic dictation test and examined the occurrence of various writing errors across the study groups. We also performed voxel-based morphometry analysis to identify the gray matter regions correlated with dictation accuracy and prevalence of writing errors.

resultsAll PPA groups produced significantly less accurate writing responses than the control group and no significant differences in dictation accuracy were noted among the PPA variants. With a cut score of 36 out of 60 in the CLAP orthographic dictation task, the test achieved sensitivity and specificity of 90% and 95% in identifying Chinese participants with PPA vs controls. In addition to a character frequency effect, dictation accuracy was affected by homophone density and the number of strokes in semantic variant PPA and logopenic variant PPA groups. Dictation accuracy was correlated with volumetric changes over left ventral temporal cortices, regions known to be critical for orthographic long-term memory. Individuals with semantic variant PPA frequently presented with phonologically plausible errors at lexical level, patients with logopenic variant PPA showed higher preponderance towards visual and stroke errors, and patients with nonfluent/agrammatic variant PPA commonly exhibited compound word and radical errors. The prevalence of phonologically plausible, visual, and compound word errors was negatively correlated with cortical volume over the bilateral temporal regions, left temporo-occipital area, and bilateral orbitofrontal gyri, respectively. DISCUSSION: The findings demonstrate the potential role of the orthographic dictation task as a screening tool and PPA classification indicator in Chinese language users. Each PPA variant had specific Chinese dysgraphia phenotypes that vary from those previously reported in English-speaking patients with PPA, highlighting the importance of language diversity in PPA.

Indexed as

AgraphiaAphasia, Primary ProgressivePrimary Progressive Nonfluent AphasiaChinaHumansLanguagePhenotype

Identifiers

PMID35410909
PMCPMC9162166

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