ArticleInternational journal of environmental research and public health2022
How Implicit Attitudes toward Vaccination Affect Vaccine Hesitancy and Behaviour: Developing and Validating the V-IRAP.
Article in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed.
- Health, Psychological Distress, and Functioning During the COVID-19 Pandemic Among Danish Adults with and Without a Preexisting Mental Illness.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- Infodemic Management and Government Disinformation: The Brazilian Experience.Asian bioethics review · 2025Article
- Barriers and Predictors of Lyme Disease Vaccine Acceptance: A Cross-Sectional Study in Poland.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Paranoia affected COVID-19 vaccine refusal by increasing beliefs in conspiracy theories and mistrust of science.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
- Article
- The Vaccination Fear Scale (VFS-6): Adaptation, Cross-Cultural Validation, and Invariance among Genders and Six Different Cultures, Applying Classical Test Theory (CTT) and Item Response Theory (IRT).European journal of investigation in health, psychology and education · 2024Article
- Predictors of Vaccination Intentions and Behaviour during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- The Moderating Effect of Vaccine Hesitancy on the Relationship between the COVID-19 Vaccine Coverage Index and Vaccine Coverage.Vaccines · 2023Article
- Community-Centered Assessment to Inform Pandemic Response in Georgia (US).International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- The Long-COVID Experience Changed People's Vaccine Hesitancy but Not Their Vaccination Fear.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- So Far, So Close: Identification with Proximal and Distal Groups as a Resource in Dealing with the COVID-19 Pandemic.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Public Awareness and Sentiment toward COVID-19 Vaccination in South Korea: Findings from Big Data Analytics.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
Vaccination is one of the most important ways of fighting infectious diseases, such as COVID-19. However, vaccine hesitancy and refusal can reduce adherence to vaccination campaigns, and therefore undermine their effectiveness. Although the scientific community has made great efforts to understand the psychological causes of vaccine hesitancy, studies on vaccine intention have usually relied on traditional detection techniques, such as questionnaires. Probing these constructs explicitly could be problematic due to defense mechanisms or social desirability. Thus, a measure capable of detecting implicit attitudes towards vaccination is needed. To achieve this aim, we designed and validated a new test called the Vaccine-IRAP, or V-IRAP, which is a modified version of the original Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure, or IRAP, task. The V-IRAP allows the unspoken reasons behind vaccine hesitancy to be investigated, and is able to distinguish between positive and negative beliefs on vaccination. The test was assessed in a sample of 151 participants. The V-IRAP showed good internal reliability and convergent validity, with meaningful correlational patterns with explicit measures. Moreover, it revealed incremental validity over such explicit measures. Lastly, the V-IRAP was able to shed light on the implicit attitudes involved in vaccine refusal, revealing negative attitudes relative to vaccine-related risks in non-vaccinated participants. Overall, these results support V-IRAP as a sensitive and reliable tool that could be used in future studies on implicit attitudes toward vaccination.
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