ReviewMaterials (Basel, Switzerland)2022
Scandium Recovery Methods from Mining, Metallurgical Extractive Industries, and Industrial Wastes.
Review in Materials (Basel, Switzerland), 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed.
- Synergistic Sorption of Gallium(III) and Scandium(III) Ions by the Interpolymer System of Poly(Acrylic Acid)/Poly(4-vinylpyr-idine) Hydrogels: Kinetics, Selectivity, and Mechanism.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Processing of Spent Titanium Chlorinator Melt for Scandium Recovery.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Selective extraction of scandium from other rare earth elements using a hydrophobic protic ionic liquid composed of decanoic acid and TOA.Turkish journal of chemistry · 2025Article
- A green extraction process for the selective recovery of Sc(iii) based on hydrophobic betaine derivative ionic liquids.RSC advances · 2024Article
- Article
- Studying the effect of reactor design on the electrocoagulation treatment performance of oily wastewater.Heliyon · 2023Article
- Ecotoxicity attenuation by acid-resistant nanofiltration in scandium recovery from TiOHeliyon · 2023Article
- Review
- Enhanced Sorption of Europium and Scandium Ions from Nitrate Solutions by Remotely Activated Ion Exchangers.Polymers · 2023Article
- Review
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The recovery of scandium (Sc) from wastes and various resources using solvent extraction (SX) was discussed in detail. Moreover, the metallurgical extractive procedures for Sc recovery were presented. Acidic and neutral organophosphorus (OPCs) extractants are the most extensively used in industrial activities, considering that they provide the highest extraction efficiency of any of the valuable components. Due to the chemical and physical similarities of the rare earth metals, the separation and purification processes of Sc are difficult tasks. Sc has also been extracted from acidic solutions using carboxylic acids, amines, and acidic β-diketone, among other solvents and chemicals. For improving the extraction efficiencies, the development of mixed extractants or synergistic systems for the SX of Sc has been carried out in recent years. Different operational parameters play an important role in the extraction process, such as the type of the aqueous phase and its acidity, the aqueous (A) to organic (O) and solid (S) to liquid (L) phase ratios, as well as the type of the diluents. Sc recovery is now implemented in industrial production using a combination of hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical techniques, such as ore pre-treatment, leaching, SX, precipitation, and calcination. The hydrometallurgical methods (acid leaching and SX) were effective for Sc recovery. Furthermore, the OPCs bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (D2EHPA/P204) and tributyl phosphate (TBP) showed interesting potential taking into consideration some co-extracted metals such as Fe(III) and Ti(IV).
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