ArticleNutrients2022
Calcium, Magnesium, and Zinc Supplementation during Pregnancy: The Additive Value of Micronutrients on Maternal Immune Response after SARS-CoV-2 Infection.
Article in Nutrients, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- The Epidemiology of Malignant Melanoma during the First Two Years of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Pooled it
- Lower Serum Magnesium Is Associated with Mortality in Severe COVID-19: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Trial.Biological trace element research · 2025Trial
- Observational
- Is it advisable for Asians to drink milk, especially those at risk of osteoporosis?Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Review
- Review
- Environmental Factors Influencing the Dynamics and Evolution of COVID-19: A Systematic Review on the Study of Short-Term Ozone Exposure.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- A History of COVID-19 in Pregnancy: A Narrative Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Review
- The Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Respiratory Infections in Children under 6 Years Old: A Systematic Review.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Fungal Infections Identified with Multiplex PCR in Severe COVID-19 Patients during Six Pandemic Waves.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2023Article
- Treatments of COVID-19-Associated Taste and Saliva Secretory Disorders.Dentistry journal · 2023Review
- The Significance of Low Magnesium Levels in COVID-19 Patients.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2023Review
- The Predictive Role of Maternal Biological Markers and Inflammatory Scores NLR, PLR, MLR, SII, and SIRI for the Risk of Preterm Delivery.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Article
- Exploring Clinical and Biological Features of Premature Births among Pregnant Women with SARS-CoV-2 Infection during the Pregnancy Period.Journal of personalized medicine · 2022Article
- The Influence of Maternal Vitamin D Supplementation in Pregnancies Associated with Preeclampsia: A Case-Control Study.Nutrients · 2022Article
- The Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic on Patients Undergoing Radiation Therapy for Advanced Cervical Cancer at a Romanian Academic Center: A Four-Year Retrospective Analysis.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Magnesium may contribute to the immune response during and after SARS-CoV-2 infection by acting as a cofactor for immunoglobulin production and other processes required for T and B cell activity. Considering magnesium as a recommended dietary supplement during pregnancy and the possible role of magnesium deficiency in COVID-19 and its complications, the current study sought to determine the effect of magnesium and magnesium-containing nutritional supplements on the immune response following SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnant women, as well as to observe differences in pregnancy outcomes based on the supplements taken during pregnancy. The study followed a cross-sectional design, where patients with a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection during their pregnancy were surveyed for their preferences in nutritional supplementation and their profile compared with existing records from the institutional database. A cohort of 448 pregnant women with COVID-19 during 22 months of the pandemic was assembled, out of which 13.6% took a magnesium-only supplement, and 16.5% supplemented their diet with a combination of calcium, magnesium, and zinc. Around 60% of patients in the no-supplementation group had the SARS-CoV-2 anti-RBD lower than 500 U/mL, compared with 50% in those who took magnesium-based supplements. A quantity of magnesium >450 mg in the taken supplements determined higher levels of antibody titers after COVID-19. Low magnesium dosage (<450 mg) was an independent risk factor for a weak immune response (OR-1.25, p-value = 0.003). The observed findings suggest supplementing the nutritional intake of pregnant women with magnesium-based supplements to determine higher levels of SARS-CoV-2 anti-RBD antibodies, although causality remains unclear.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.