Observational studyPloS one2022
Mortality rates among COVID-19 patients hospitalised during the first three waves of the epidemic in Milan, Italy: A prospective observational study.
Observational study in PloS one, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed.
- Delayed intubation and 60-day mortality in severe COVID-19-associated acute respiratory failure in an emulated target trial using the OUTCOMEREA network.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Survival analysis and mortality predictors of COVID-19 across the six-wave pattern of the pandemic in Monastir, Tunisia : COVID-19 mortality predictors in Monastir across six waves.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Management of patients hospitalized for SARS-CoV-2 infection: A real-world economic evaluation from the hospital perspective.American journal of health-system pharmacy : AJHP : official journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists · 2026Article
- Article
- Article
- The relationship between microRNAs and COVID-19 complications.Non-coding RNA research · 2025Review
- Observational
- Major Bleeding Events in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective Observational Study.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2024Observational
- Risk of death in England following a positive SARS-CoV-2 test: A retrospective national cohort study (March 2020 to September 2022).PloS one · 2024Article
- COVID-19 waves in an urban setting 2020-2022: an electronic medical record analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Demographics, clinical characteristics, and outcomes in hospitalized patients during six waves of COVID‑19 in Northern Iran: a large cohort study.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- miRNAs as a Potential Biomarker in the COVID-19 Infection and Complications Course, Severity, and Outcome.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Acute COVID-19 Management in Heart Failure Patients: A Specific Setting Requiring Detailed Inpatient and Outpatient Hospital Care.Biomedicines · 2023Review
- Long-Term Trajectory and Risk Factors of Healthcare Workers' Mental Health during COVID-19 Pandemic: A 24 Month Longitudinal Cohort Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients with Acute Respiratory Failure Due to SARS-CoV-2 Interstitial Pneumonia Treated with CPAP in a Medical Intermediate Care Setting: A Retrospective Observational Study on Comparison of Four Waves.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- Evolution of in-hospital patient characteristics and predictors of death in the COVID-19 pandemic across four waves: are they moving targets with implications for patient care?Frontiers in public health · 2023Observational
- Observational
- Real-world Evidence of the Effects of Novel Treatments for COVID-19 on Mortality: A Nationwide Comparative Cohort Study of Hospitalized Patients in the First, Second, Third, and Fourth Waves in the Netherlands.Open forum infectious diseases · 2022Article
- Long-Term Survival among Patients Hospitalized for COVID-19 during the First Three Epidemic Waves: An Observational Study in a Northern Italy Hospital.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Observational
- Comparative epidemiology of five waves of COVID-19 in Mexico, March 2020-August 2022.BMC infectious diseases · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
21 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionThis paper describes how mortality among hospitalised COVID-19 patients changed during the first three waves of the epidemic in Italy.
methodsThis prospective cohort study used the Kaplan-Meier method to analyse the time-dependent probability of death of all of the patients admitted to a COVID-19 referral centre in Milan, Italy, during the three consecutive periods of: 21 February-31 July 2020 (first wave, W1), 1 August 2020-31 January 2021 (second wave, W2), and 1 February-30 April 2021 (third wave, W3). Cox models were used to examine the association between death and the period of admission after adjusting for age, biological sex, the time from symptom onset to admission, disease severity upon admission, obesity, and the comorbidity burden.
resultsOf the 2,023 COVID-19 patients admitted to our hospital during the study period, 553 (27.3%) were admitted during W1, 838 (41.5%) during W2, and 632 (31.2%) during W3. The crude mortality rate during W1, W2 and W3 was respectively 21.3%, 23.7% and 15.8%. After adjusting for potential confounders, hospitalisation during W2 or W3 was independently associated with a significantly lower risk of death than hospitalisation during W1 (adjusted hazard ratios [AHRs]: 0.75, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.59-0.95, and 0.58, 95% CI 0.44-0.77). Among the patients aged >75 years, there was no significant difference in the probability of death during the three waves (AHRs during W2 and W3 vs W1: 0.93, 95% CI 0.65-1.33, and 0.88, 95% CI 0.59-1.32), whereas those presenting with critical disease during W2 and W3 were at significantly lower risk of dying than those admitted during W1 (AHRs 0.61, 95% CI 0.43-0.88, and 0.44, 95% CI 0.28-0.70).
conclusionsHospitalisation during W2 and W3 was associated with a reduced risk of COVID-19 death in comparison with W1, but there was no difference in survival probability in patients aged >75 years.
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