Evidence map›Paper›PMID 35404439›Full record

ArticleTranslational vision science & technology2022

Prediction of Subjective Refraction From Anterior Corneal Surface, Eye Lengths, and Age Using Machine Learning Algorithms.

Julián Espinosa, Jorge Pérez, Asier Villanueva

Open access · goldAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Translational vision science & technology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
0.6field-weighted citation impact, top 33% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed, 5 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Artificial intelligence virtual assistants in primary eye care practice.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2025
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Julián EspinosaIUFACyT, Universidad de Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain.
Jorge PérezIUFACyT, Universidad de Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain.
Asier VillanuevaIUFACyT, Universidad de Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain.
University of Alicante · ES

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Purpose: To develop a machine learning regression model of subjective refractive prescription from minimum ocular biometry and corneal topography features. Methods: Anterior corneal surface parameters (Zernike coefficients and keratometry), axial length, anterior chamber depth, and age were posed as features to predict subjective refractions. Measurements from 355 eyes were split into training (75%) and test (25%) sets. Different machine learning regression algorithms were trained by 10-fold cross-validation, optimized, and tested. A neighborhood component analysis provided features' normalized weights in predictions. Results: Gaussian process regression algorithms provided the best models with mean absolute errors of around 1.00 diopters (D) in the spherical component and 0.15 D in the astigmatic components. Conclusions: The normalized weights showed that subjective refraction can be predicted by only keratometry, age, and axial length. Increasing the topographic description detail of the anterior corneal surface implied by a high-order Zernike decomposition versus adjustment to a spherocylindrical surface is not reflected as improved subjective refraction prediction, which is poor, mainly in the spherical component. However, the highest achievable accuracy differs by only 0.75 D from that of other works with a more exhaustive eye refractive elements description. Although the chosen parameters may have not been the most efficient, applying machine learning and big data to predict subjective refraction can be risky and impractical when evaluating a particular subject at statistical extremes. Translational Relevance: This work evaluates subjective refraction prediction by machine learning from the anterior corneal surface and ocular biometry. It shows the minimum biometric information required and the highest achievable accuracy. RESUMEN: Objetivo: El desarrollo de un modelo de regresión de aprendizaje automático prescripción refractiva subjetiva a partir de las características mínimas de la biometría ocular y la superficie corneal. Métodos: Los parámetros de la superficie corneal anterior (coeficientes de Zernike y queratometría), además de longitudes axiales y de cámara anterior, edades y las refracciones subjetivas no ciclopléjicas de 355 ojos se dividieron en un conjunto de entrenamiento (75%) y otro de test (25%) y se entrenaron diferentes algoritmos de regresión de aprendizaje automático mediante validación cruzada 10 veces, se optimizaron y se probaron sobre el conjunto test. Resultados: Los algoritmos de regresión del proceso gaussiano proporcionaron los mejores modelos con un error absoluto medio fue de alrededor de 1.00 D en el componente esférico y de 0.25 D en los componentes astigmáticos. Conclusiones: Los pesos normalizados mostraron que la refracción subjetiva puede predecirse utilizando únicamente la queratometría, la edad y la longitud axial como características. El aumento del detalle de la descripción topográfica de la superficie corneal anterior que supone una descomposición de Zernike de alto orden frente al ajuste a una superficie esferocilíndrica realizado por queratometría no se refleja en una mejora de la predicción de la refracción subjetiva, que es pobre, en cualquier caso, principalmente en el componente esférico. Sin embargo, la máxima precisión alcanzada difiere en sólo 0,75 D de la de otros trabajos con una descripción más exhaustiva de los elementos refractivos del ojo. De todos modos, el aprendizaje automático y los datos masivos aplicados a la predicción de la refracción subjetiva pueden ser arriesgados y poco prácticos cuando se evalúa a un sujeto concreto en los extremos estadísticos, aunque los parámetros elegidos puedan no haber sido los más ineficaces. Relevancia Traslativa: El trabajo evalúa la predicción de la refracción subjetiva mediante aprendizaje automático a partir de la superficie corneal anterior y la biometría ocular, mostrando la mínima información biométrica requerida y la máxima precisión alcanzable.

Indexed as

Machine Learning

Identifiers

PMID35404439
PMCPMC9034724
OpenAlexW4223498831

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.