Observational studyClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2022
Risk Factors and Multidimensional Assessment of Long Coronavirus Disease Fatigue: A Nested Case-Control Study.
Observational study in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04851561 (Risk Factors for Post-coronavirus Disease-2019 Fatigue), which is not on this map. Cited by 36 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Risk Factors for Post-coronavirus Disease-2019 Fatigue: a Prospective Case-control Study
Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 60 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review to find link between past psychiatric history and development of long covid.BMC psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Long-term neurological and cognitive impact of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis in over 4 million patients.BMC neurology · 2025Pooled it
- Functional Recovery of Adults Following Acute COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Physical therapy · 2025Pooled it
- Use of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing to Evaluate Long COVID-19 Symptoms in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.JAMA network open · 2022Pooled it
- Post-COVID-19 fatigue: A systematic review.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Pooled it
- Long COVID After Bamlanivimab Treatment.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2023Trial
- Associated factors and assessment of clinical symptoms including fatigue, insomnia, and gastrointestinal discomfort of chronic fatigue syndrome: a cross-sectional case-control study.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Article
- From Exhaustion to Empowerment: A Pilot Study on Motor Control-Based Exercise for Fatigue and Quality of Life in Long COVID-19 Patients.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Article
- Regarding 'long-term cognitive and autonomic effects of COVID-19 in young adults: a cross-sectional study at 28 months'.Annals of medicine · 2025Article
- Effects of therapeutic interventions on long COVID: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.EClinicalMedicine · 2025Article
- Association of Pre-COVID Fitness With Post-COVID Fitness and Long COVID in the Cooper Center Longitudinal Cohort Study.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2025Article
- Kyungok-go for fatigue in patients with long COVID: Double-blind, randomized, multicenter, pilot clinical study protocol.PloS one · 2025Article
- Predictors of health care utilization in patients with post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC).PloS one · 2025Article
- Defining and measuring long COVID fatigue: a scoping review.BMJ open · 2024Article
- Neuropsychological functioning of pediatric patients with long COVID.The Clinical neuropsychologist · 2024Article
- Review
- Post-acute COVID-19 outcomes including participant-reported long COVID: amubarvimab/romlusevimab versus placebo in the ACTIV-2 trial.EClinicalMedicine · 2024Article
- Psychological factors associated with Long COVID: a systematic review and meta-analysis.EClinicalMedicine · 2024Article
- Clinical and Physiological Variables in Patients with Post-COVID-19 Condition and Persistent Fatigue.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Fatigue, Internet Addiction and Symptoms of Long COVID-A Cross-Sectional Study of Polish Students.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
22 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundFatigue is the most prevalent and debilitating long-COVID (coronavirus disease) symptom; however, risk factors and pathophysiology of this condition remain unknown. We assessed risk factors for long-COVID fatigue and explored its possible pathophysiology.
methodsThis was a nested case-control study in a COVID recovery clinic. Individuals with (cases) and without (controls) significant fatigue were included. We performed a multidimensional assessment evaluating various parameters, including pulmonary function tests and cardiopulmonary exercise testing, and implemented multivariable logistic regression to assess risk factors for significant long-COVID fatigue.
resultsA total of 141 individuals were included. The mean age was 47 (SD: 13) years; 115 (82%) were recovering from mild coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Mean time for evaluation was 8 months following COVID-19. Sixty-six (47%) individuals were classified with significant long-COVID fatigue. They had a significantly higher number of children, lower proportion of hypothyroidism, higher proportion of sore throat during acute illness, higher proportions of long-COVID symptoms, and of physical limitation in daily activities. Individuals with long-COVID fatigue also had poorer sleep quality and higher degree of depression. They had significantly lower heart rate [153.52 (22.64) vs 163.52 (18.53); P = .038] and oxygen consumption per kilogram [27.69 (7.52) vs 30.71 (7.52); P = .036] at peak exercise. The 2 independent risk factors for fatigue identified in multivariable analysis were peak exercise heart rate (OR: .79 per 10 beats/minute; 95% CI: .65-.96; P = .019) and long-COVID memory impairment (OR: 3.76; 95% CI: 1.57-9.01; P = .003).
conclusionsLong-COVID fatigue may be related to autonomic dysfunction, impaired cognition, and decreased mood. This may suggest a limbic-vagal pathophysiology. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: NCT04851561.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.