SynthesisFrontiers in cardiovascular medicine2022
Association of Lipid Levels With COVID-19 Infection, Disease Severity and Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Synthesis in Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 45 citations in OpenAlex.
- HDL dysfunction: a role in the pathogenesis of cardiometabolic syndrome in chronic HIV infection?Metabolism: clinical and experimental · 2026Review
- Serum HDL subfractions are impaired by COVID-19 vaccine in patients with thymic epithelial tumors.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- A Reproducible Ceramide Phenotype of Sepsis Across Aetiologies - A Monocenter Cohort Study.Journal of inflammation research · 2026Article
- COVID-19 associated CKM syndrome progression in diabetic patients is linked to pancreatic beta cell dysfunction, rather than RASi use: a retrospective cohort study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Longitudinal effects of Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccination on metabolic biomarkers in type 2 diabetes mellitus in Ethiopia.World journal of diabetes · 2025Article
- Is Targeting LDL-C Levels Below 70 mg/dL Beneficial for Cardiovascular and Overall Health? A Critical Examination of the Evidence.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- High-density lipoproteins and COVID-19: preparing the next pandemic.Journal of lipid research · 2025Review
- A cross-sectional study of laboratory parameters 5-6 months after the first COVID-19 infection.Heliyon · 2025Article
- Low LDL cholesterol and risk of bacterial and viral infections: observational and Mendelian randomization studies.European heart journal open · 2025Article
- The profound impact of COVID-19 on the control and care of diabetic patients: a comprehensive retrospective cohort study.BMC primary care · 2024Article
- Establishment and validation of a prognostic model based on common laboratory indicators for SARS-CoV-2 infection in Chinese population.Annals of medicine · 2024Article
- Higher intraindividual variability of body mass index is associated with elevated risk of COVID-19 related hospitalization and post-COVID conditions.International journal of obesity (2005) · 2024Observational
- Cholesterol and Cholesterol-Lowering Medications in COVID-19-An Unresolved Matter.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Pathogenic mechanisms of cardiovascular damage in COVID-19.Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2024Review
- Association between lipid profile and clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Use of inflammatory markers as predictor for mechanical ventilation in COVID-19 patients with stages IIIb-V chronic kidney disease?World journal of virology · 2023Article
- Patient Decisions Regarding Rescheduling Colonoscopies Postponed Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic.Digestive diseases and sciences · 2023Article
- HDL-Related Parameters and COVID-19 Mortality: The Importance of HDL Function.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Characteristics and Risk Factors Associated with SARS-CoV-2 Pneumonias in Hospitalized Pediatric Patients: A Pilot Study.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Association between Lipid Levels, Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike Antibodies and COVID-19 Mortality: A Prospective Cohort Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 6 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ranges from asymptomatic infection to severe illness. Cholesterol in the host cell plasma membrane plays an important role in the SARS-CoV-2 virus entry into cells. Serum lipids, especially low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), are in constant interaction with the lipid rafts in the host cell membranes and can modify the interaction of virus with host cells and the resultant disease severity. Recent studies on serum lipid levels and COVID-19 disease severity lack consistency. Objectives: Our systematic review and meta-analysis compared the serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), LDL-C, HDL-C, and triglycerides (TG) between (1) COVID-19 patients vs. healthy controls; (2) severe vs. non-severe COVID-19 disease; (3) deceased vs. surviving COVID-19 patients. Methods: PRISMA guidelines were followed. We included peer-reviewed articles on observational (case-control and cohort) studies from PubMed and Embase published from the database inception until September 1, 2021. We used random-effects meta-analysis for pooled mean-differences (pMD) in lipid levels (mg/dL) for the above groups. Results: Among 441 articles identified, 29 articles (26 retrospective and 3 prospective cohorts), with an aggregate of 256,721 participants, were included. COVID-19 patients had lower TC (pMD-14.9, 95%CI-21.6 to -8.3) and HDL-C (pMD-6.9, 95%CI -10.2 to -3.7) levels (mg/dL). Severe COVID-19 patients had lower TC (pMD-10.4, 95%CI -18.7 to -2.2), LDL-C (pMD-4.4, 95%CI -8.4 to -0.42), and HDL-C (pMD-4.4, 95%CI -6.9 to -1.8) at admission compared to patients with non-severe disease. Deceased patients had lower TC (pMD-14.9, 95%CI -21.6 to -8.3), LDL-C (pMD-10.6, 95%CI -16.5 to -4.6) and HDL-C (pMD-2.5, 95%CI -3.9 to -1.0) at admission. TG levels did not differ based on COVID-19 severity or mortality. No publication bias was noted. Conclusion: We demonstrated lower lipid levels in patients with COVID-19 infection and an association with disease severity and mortality. Their potential role in COVID-19 pathogenesis and their utility as prognostic factors require further investigation.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.