ArticleOncoimmunology2022
Immune suppressive microenvironment in brain metastatic non-small cell lung cancer: comprehensive immune microenvironment profiling of brain metastases versus paired primary lung tumors (GASTO 1060).
Article in Oncoimmunology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 46 citations in OpenAlex.
- Forecasting the risk of early death among patients suffering from lung cancer with brain metastasis after radiotherapy using interpretable machine learning: a study based on the SEER database.Journal of thoracic disease · 2026Article
- [Tumor Cell and Brain Microenvironment Interactions in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Brain Metastasis: Mechanisms and Emerging Insights].Zhongguo fei ai za zhi = Chinese journal of lung cancer · 2026Review
- Phagocytic remodeling in CD74Translational cancer research · 2026Article
- Integrative multi-omics profiling reveals distinct evolutionary and immunogenic features of brain oligometastasis in lung adenocarcinoma.Genome medicine · 2026Article
- MET alterations are enriched in lung adenocarcinoma brain metastases, defining a distinct biologic subtype.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Article
- Role of Microglial Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease: From Multifactorial Causes to Neurodegeneration.Neuroscience bulletin · 2026Review
- Diversity and function of tumor-associated macrophages in brain metastases: mechanisms and therapeutic prospects.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Single-cell and spatial transcriptome landscapes reveal the spatial immune defense pattern shared by primary and brain metastatic lung adenocarcinoma.Journal of thoracic disease · 2025Article
- Research progress of anti-angiogenic therapy combined with immunotherapy and radiotherapy for the treatment of brain metastases in non-small cell lung cancer (Review).Oncology letters · 2025Review
- Unleashing NK cells for cancer immunotherapy in lung cancer: biologic challenges and clinical advances.Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR · 2025Review
- Tumour and microenvironment crosstalk in NSCLC progression and response to therapy.Nature reviews. Clinical oncology · 2025Review
- A stage IV lung squamous cell cancer patient with brain metastases, high PD-L1 & TMB, achieves pCR and long-term survival after immune-chemotherapy and radical surgery: a case report and literature review.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Review
- Integrated analyses of multi-omic data derived from paired primary lung cancer and brain metastasis reveal the metabolic vulnerability as a novel therapeutic target.Genome medicine · 2024Article
- Cytokine Release Syndrome in a Patient With Metastatic Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Treated With Hypofractionated Radiation Therapy, Who Had Previously Undergone Immunotherapy: A Case Report.Advances in radiation oncology · 2024Article
- PD-(L)1 inhibitors plus bevacizumab and chemotherapy as first-line therapy in PD-L1-negative metastatic lung adenocarcinoma: a real-world data.Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology · 2024Article
- Spatial and temporal heterogeneity of tumor immune microenvironment between primary tumor and brain metastases in NSCLC.BMC cancer · 2024Article
- Cerebrospinal fluid immunological cytokines predict intracranial tumor response to immunotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer patients with brain metastases.Oncoimmunology · 2024Article
- Harnessing immunotherapy for brain metastases: insights into tumor-brain microenvironment interactions and emerging treatment modalities.Journal of hematology & oncology · 2023Review
- Immunotherapy: an emerging modality to checkmate brain metastasis.Molecular cancer · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the most common causes of brain metastases and is always associated with poor prognosis. We investigated the immunophenotypes of primary lung tumors and paired brain metastases, as well as immunophenotypes in the synchronous group (patients with brain metastases upon initial diagnosis) and metachronous group (patients developed brain metastases during the course of their disease). RNA sequencing of eighty-six samples from primary lung tumors and paired brain metastases of 43 patients was conducted to analyze the tumor immune microenvironment. Our data revealed that matched brain metastases compared with primary lung tumors exhibited reduced tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), a higher fraction of neutrophils infiltration, decreased scores of immune-related signatures, and a lower proportion of tumor microenvironment immune type I (high PD-L1/high CD8A) tumors. Additionally, we found a poor correlation of PD-L1 expression between paired brain metastases and primary lung tumors. In addition, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) showed that some gene sets associated with the immune response were enriched in the metachronous group, while other gene sets associated with differentiation and metastasis were enriched in the synchronous group in the primary lung tumors. Moreover, the tumor immune microenvironment between paired brain metastases and primary lung tumors displayed more differences in the metachronous group than in the synchronous group. Our work illustrates that brain metastatic tumors are more immunosuppressed than primary lung tumors, which may help guide immunotherapeutic strategies for NSCLC brain metastases.
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