ReviewFrontiers in immunology2022
Escaping Death: How Cancer Cells and Infected Cells Resist Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 54 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
54 citing papers in PubMed, 79 citations in OpenAlex.
- Adjuvant cytokine-induced killer cell immunotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma: real-world data and 9-year extended follow-up of a randomized controlled trial.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2026Trial
- Effect of henagliflozin on aging biomarkers in patients with type 2 diabetes: A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.Cell reports. Medicine · 2025Trial
- Natural killer cells in ovarian cancer therapy: mechanisms, evasion, and therapeutic innovations.Inflammopharmacology · 2026Review
- Differential perforin sensitivity drives lineage-dependent resistance to CAR T-cell killing in blood cancer cell lines.Blood advances · 2026Article
- Plasticity of Non-Apoptotic Residual Tumor Cells After Neoadjuvant Immunochemotherapy: Epigenetic and Microenvironmental Determinants.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Granzyme B, HIF-1α, VEGFA and SerpinB9 in the local tumour immune system of immune-stimulated slice cultures of head and neck cancer.BMC cancer · 2026Article
- Review
- Nasal CD4+ tissue-resident memory T cells provide cross-protective immunity to influenza.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2026Article
- Therapeutic application of IL-12 for cancer therapy.Translational cancer research · 2026Review
- Peripheral cytotoxic immune profiles in hepatobiliary surgical patients.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Envafolimab - novel anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibody in cancer treatment.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Beyond the Th2 paradigm: CD4+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes as key drivers of tissue damage and fibrosis in IgG4-related disease.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- The Neuro-Melanoma Singularity: Convergent Evolution of Neural and Melanocytic Networks in Brain Metastatic Adaptation.Biomolecules · 2025Review
- Targeting DNA Damage Response and Immune Crosstalk in Cancer: Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Opportunities.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Constructing a novel MPT-driven necrosis-associated gene set for predicting prognosis and immune status in skin cutaneous melanoma.Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology · 2025Article
- Novel Disulfiram-Loaded Metal-Organic Nanoparticles Inhibit Tumor Growth and Induce Immunogenic Cell Death of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells.Pharmaceutics · 2025Article
- Resist to persist: resistance of the HIV reservoir to immune-mediated clearance.Current opinion in HIV and AIDS · 2025Review
- Disrupting membranes, controlling cell fate: the role of pore-forming proteins in cell death and therapy.Apoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death · 2025Review
- Immunomodulatory Natural Products in Cancer Organoid-Immune Co-Cultures: Bridging the Research Gap for Precision Immunotherapy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Role of Renin-Angiotensin System and Macrophages in Breast Cancer Microenvironment.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Cytotoxic lymphocytes are critical in our immune defence against cancer and infection. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes and Natural Killer cells can directly lyse malignant or infected cells in at least two ways: granule-mediated cytotoxicity, involving perforin and granzyme B, or death receptor-mediated cytotoxicity, involving the death receptor ligands, tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and Fas ligand (FasL). In either case, a multi-step pathway is triggered to facilitate lysis, relying on active pro-death processes and signalling within the target cell. Because of this reliance on an active response from the target cell, each mechanism of cell-mediated killing can be manipulated by malignant and infected cells to evade cytolytic death. Here, we review the mechanisms of cell-mediated cytotoxicity and examine how cells may evade these cytolytic processes. This includes resistance to perforin through degradation or reduced pore formation, resistance to granzyme B through inhibition or autophagy, and resistance to death receptors through inhibition of downstream signalling or changes in protein expression. We also consider the importance of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-induced cytotoxicity and resistance mechanisms against this pathway. Altogether, it is clear that target cells are not passive bystanders to cell-mediated cytotoxicity and resistance mechanisms can significantly constrain immune cell-mediated killing. Understanding these processes of immune evasion may lead to novel ideas for medical intervention.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.