SynthesisFrontiers in endocrinology2022
Normal Weight Obesity and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Synthesis in Frontiers in endocrinology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 84 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
84 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 103 citations in OpenAlex.
- Validity of non-traditional measures of obesity compared to total body fat across the life course: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity · 2025Pooled it
- Association between waist-to-hip ratio and risk of myocardial infarction: a systematic evaluation and meta-analysis.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2024Pooled it
- Independent association of general and central adiposity with risk of gallstone disease: observational and genetic analyses.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Pooled it
- Association of childhood and adolescence obesity with incidence and mortality of adulthood cancers. A systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Pooled it
- Association of normal weight obesity phenotype with inflammatory markers: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Pooled it
- Normal-weight obesity and adverse health outcomes in women: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.Obesity pillars · 2026Article
- MetsObesity: a novel classification system for predicting 15-year cardiovascular risk in the UK Biobank population.Journal of advanced research · 2026Article
- Article
- Adiposity-Metabolic Discordance Identifies Cardiometabolically Heterogeneous Profiles in Normal-Weight Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Molecular Distinctions, Diagnosis, and Mechanism-Based Therapies in Lipedema and Obesity.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Review
- Multivariable Associations of Anthropometric and Psychosocial Markers with an Elevated Abdominal Volume Index Among University Students: A Sex- and Academic Program-Stratified Analysis.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- A Comprehensive Evaluation of Adiposity Indices on 20-Year Cumulative Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes: The ATTICA Cohort Study (2002-2022).Clinical obesity · 2026Article
- Classification and Severity Assessment of Obesity in Clinical Risk Prediction of Multimorbidity Trajectories.Clinical obesity · 2026Article
- Article
- Association between normal-weight central obesity and cardiometabolic disorders: a longitudinal analysis from health check-up data.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2026Article
- Associations between physical activity, physical fitness, and body composition in adults living in Germany: a cross-sectional replication study.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Normal-Weight Obesity and Hidden Cardiometabolic Risk in Young Adults: Implications Beyond BMI-Based Classification.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Effects of an 8-Week Time-Restricted Eating and Walking Exercise on Regional Fat Distribution and Lean Mass in Women with Hidden Obesity: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Changes in visceral adiposity, body composition, and cardiometabolic profiles following a supervised mixed exercise program in women with normal-weight obesity and obesity.BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation · 2026Article
- Time to Address Eating Disorder Risk Among Medical Students.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
24 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Obesity is one of the most significant causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Current studies suggest a new type of obesity, normal weight obesity (NWO), which is defined as having a normal body mass index (BMI), but a high-fat percentage increases the risk of cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRFs). This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to pool the association between NWO with CMRFs. Methods: A systematic search of the literature in all available electronic databases, including Scopus, Web of Science, EMBASE, and PubMed, was performed until October 2021. All English studies that assessed the association of NWOs [compared to normal weight non-obese (NWNO)] and the CMRFs were included. Two investigators extracted data and performed a quality assessment. The heterogeneity between studies was assessed with I-squared and Cochran's Q tests. Odds ratio (OR) was used as an effect size to pool the association of NWO with CMRFs. Results: Twenty-five articles that met the inclusion criteria entered the study. The total number of participants was 177,792, with an age range of 13 to 75 years. Most studies were conducted on the general population (adults) and were from China. The result of fixed-effect model meta-analysis indicated an increased odds of hyperglycemia (OR:1.50, 95%:1.23, 1.76), high TG (OR:1.90, 95% CH:1.44, 2.35), low HDL (OR: 1.28, 95% CI:1.06, 1.49) and diabetes (OR:1.39, 95% CI:1.30, 1.49). Moreover, the random effect meta-analysis showed that NWO increased the odds of dyslipidemia (OR:1.83, 95% CI:1.61, 20.4), HTN (OR:1.40, 95% CI:1.28, 1.51) and metabolic syndrome (OR:1.92, 95% CI:1.58, 2.26). Moreover, the mean of all CMRFs except plasma glucose in NWO subjects was statistically higher than NWNO subjects (p-value<0.05). Conclusion: The present study showed that NWO increased the odds of CMRFs. These findings indicate the inadequacy of the BMI measurement and the need for body fat assessment for a better obesity risk assessment.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.