Evidence map›Paper›PMID 35399078›Full record

ArticleBMC medical research methodology2022

Comparison of reference distributions acquired by direct and indirect sampling techniques: exemplified with the Pediatric Reference Interval in China (PRINCE) study.

Ruohua Yan, Kun Li, Yaqi Lv, Yaguang Peng, Nicholas Van Halm-Lutterodt, Wenqi Song, Xiaoxia Peng, Xin Ni

Open access · goldAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in BMC medical research methodology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
8citing papers in PubMed
0.9field-weighted citation impact, top 27% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

8 citing papers in PubMed, 11 citations in OpenAlex.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.

Ruohua YanCenter for Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children Health, No.56 Nanlishi Road, Beijing, 100045, China.
Kun LiCenter for Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children Health, No.56 Nanlishi Road, Beijing, 100045, China.
Yaqi LvCenter for Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children Health, No.56 Nanlishi Road, Beijing, 100045, China.
Yaguang PengCenter for Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children Health, No.56 Nanlishi Road, Beijing, 100045, China.
Nicholas Van Halm-LutterodtDepartment of Orthopaedics and Neurosurgery, Keck Medical Center of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA.
Wenqi SongDepartment of Clinical Laboratory Center, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children Health, Beijing, China.
Xiaoxia PengCenter for Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children Health, No.56 Nanlishi Road, Beijing, 100045, China. pengxiaoxia@bch.com.cn.
Xin NiCenter for Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children Health, No.56 Nanlishi Road, Beijing, 100045, China. nixin@bch.com.cn.
Capital Medical University · CNBeijing Children’s Hospital · CNUniversity of Southern California · US

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundOur study aimed to compare the reference distributions of serum creatinine and urea obtained by direct sampling technique and two indirect sampling techniques including the Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) and the Self-Organizing Map (SOM) clustering based on clinical laboratory records, so that the feasibility as well as the potential limitations of indirect sampling techniques could be clarified.

methodsThe direct sampling technique was used in the Pediatric Reference Interval in China (PRINCE) study, in which 15,150 healthy volunteers aged 0 to 19 years were recruited from 11 provinces across China from January 2017 to December 2018. The indirect sampling techniques were used in the Laboratory Information System (LIS) database of Beijing Children's Hospital, in which 164,710 outpatients were included for partitioning of potential healthy individuals by GMM or SOM from January to December 2016. The reference distributions of creatinine and urea that were established by the PRINCE study and the LIS database were compared.

resultsThe density curves of creatinine and urea based on the PRINCE data and the GMM and SOM partitioned LIS data showed a large overlap. However, deviations were found in reference intervals among the three populations.

conclusionsBoth GMM and SOM can identify potential healthy individuals from the LIS data. The performance of GMM is consistent and stable. However, GMM relies on Gaussian fitting, and thus is not suitable for skewed data. SOM is applicable for high-dimensional data, and is adaptable to data distribution. But it is susceptible to sample size and outlier detection strategy.

Indexed as

UreaChildChinaCreatinineHumansNormal DistributionReference ValuesCreatinineUreaDirect sampling techniquesGMMIndirect sampling techniquesReference distributionSOM

Identifiers

PMID35399078
PMCPMC8996549
OpenAlexW4223442209

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.