ArticleThe Science of the total environment2022
Molecular mechanism of antibiotic resistance induced by mono- and twin-chained quaternary ammonium compounds.
Article in The Science of the total environment, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 70 citations in OpenAlex.
- Resistance to disinfection emerges inCurrent research in microbial sciences · 2026Article
- Biofilm-driven LPS remodeling and colanic acid overproduction mediate biocide adaptation and antibiotic cross-resistance in E. coli.npj antimicrobials and resistance · 2026Article
- Dogs fed raw meat-based diets are vectors of drug-resistant Salmonella infection in humans.Communications medicine · 2025Article
- Reviewing the complexities of bacterial biocide susceptibility and in vitro biocide adaptation methodologies.npj antimicrobials and resistance · 2025Review
- Large-scale phenotypic and genomic analysis ofApplied and environmental microbiology · 2025Article
- The Slow Pandemic: Emergence of Antimicrobial Resistance in the Postadvent of SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic.Global health, epidemiology and genomics · 2025Review
- Differential Selection for Survival and for Growth in Adaptive Laboratory Evolution Experiments With Benzalkonium Chloride.Evolutionary applications · 2024Article
- Sublethal Sodium Hypochlorite Exposure: Impact on Resistance-Nodulation-Cell Division Efflux Pump Overexpression and Cross-Resistance to Imipenem.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Reassessment of the genetic basis of natural rifampin resistance in the genus Rickettsia.MicrobiologyOpen · 2024Article
- A Label-Free Optical Flow Cytometry Based-Method for Rapid Assay of Disinfectants' Bactericidal Activity.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Synergistic Bactericidal Effects of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds with Essential Oil Constituents.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Chimeric Amphiphilic Disinfectants: Quaternary Ammonium/Quaternary Phosphonium Hybrid Structures.ChemMedChem · 2024Article
- Post-Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic Antimicrobial Resistance.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Disinfectants and antiseptics: mechanisms of action and resistance.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2024Review
- A review of current antibiotic resistance and promising antibiotics with novel modes of action to combat antibiotic resistance.Archives of microbiology · 2023Review
- Adaptation mechanisms ofMicrobiology spectrum · 2023Article
- Further Study of the Polar Group's Influence on the Antibacterial Activity of the 3-Substituted Quinuclidine Salts with Long Alkyl Chains.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Biofilms as protective cocoons against biocides: from bacterial adaptation to One Health issues.Microbiology (Reading, England) · 2023Review
- Quaternary ammonium disinfectants and antiseptics: tolerance, resistance and potential impact on antibiotic resistance.Antimicrobial resistance and infection control · 2023Review
- Organic Compounds and Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria Behavior in Greywater Treated by a Constructed Wetland.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The usage of quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) as disinfectants has increased dramatically since the outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic, leading to potentially accelerated emergence of antibiotic resistance. Long-term exposure to subinhibitory level QACs can lead to multidrug resistance, but the contribution of mutagenesis to resistance evolution is obscure. In this study, we subcultured E. coli K-12 under subinhibitory (0.25 × and 0.5 × Minimum Inhibitory Concentration, MIC) or inhibitory (1 × and 2 × MIC) concentrations of benzalkonium chloride (BAC, mono-chained) or didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC, twin-chained) for 60 days. The sensitivity of QAC-adapted cells to five typical antibiotics decreased significantly, and in particular, the MIC of rifampicin increased by 85 times. E. coli adapted faster to BAC but developed 20-167% higher antibiotic resistance with 56% more mutations under DDAC exposure. The broader mutations induced by QACs, including negative regulators (acrR, marR, soxR, and crp), outer membrane proteins and transporters (mipA and sbmA), and RNA polymerase (rpoB and rpoC), potentially contributed to the high multi-drug resistance. After QACs stresses were removed, the phenotypic resistance induced by subinhibitory concentrations of QACs was reversible, whereas that induced by inhibitory concentrations of QACs was irreversible. The different patterns and molecular mechanism of antibiotic resistance induced by BAC and DDAC is informative to estimating the risks of broader QACs present at varied concentrations in the environment.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.