Evidence map›Paper›PMID 35396308›Full record

ArticleBMJ open2022

Non-mydriatic fundus photography as an alternative to indirect ophthalmoscopy for screening of diabetic retinopathy in community settings: a comparative pilot study in rural and tribal India.

Uday R Gajiwala, Swapnil Pachchigar, Dhaval Patel, Ishwar Mistry, Yash Oza, Dhaval Kundaria, Shamanna B R

Open access · goldAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in BMJ open, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
8citing papers in PubMed
2.2field-weighted citation impact, top 13% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

8 citing papers in PubMed, 15 citations in OpenAlex.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Uday R GajiwalaDivyajyoti Trust, Surat, Gujarat, India divyajyoti.icare@gmail.com.ORCID 0000-0001-8665-2007
Swapnil PachchigarRetina Department, Divyajyoti Trust, Surat, Gujarat, India.
Dhaval PatelRetina Department, Divyajyoti Trust, Surat, Gujarat, India.
Ishwar MistryGeneral Ophthalmology Department, Divyajyoti Trust, Surat, Gujarat, India.
Yash OzaGeneral Ophthalmology Department, Divyajyoti Trust, Surat, Gujarat, India.
Dhaval KundariaGeneral Ophthalmology Department, Divyajyoti Trust, Surat, Gujarat, India.
Shamanna B RSchool of Medical Science, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
University of Hyderabad · IN

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectivesThe impending and increasing prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in India has necessitated a need for affordable and valid community outreach screening programme for DR, especially in rural and far to reach indigenous local communities. The present study is a pilot study aimed to compare non-mydriatic fundus photography with indirect ophthalmoscopy for its utilisation as a feasible and logistically convenient screening modality for DR in an older age, rural, tribal population in Western India. DESIGN AND

settingThis community-based, cross-sectional, prospective population study was a part of a module using Rapid Assessment of Avoidable Blindness and DR methodology in 8340 sampled participants with ≥50 years age. In this study, the diabetics identified were screened for DR using two methods: non-mydriatic fundus photography on the field by trained professionals, that were then graded by a retina specialist at the base hospital and indirect ophthalmoscopy by expert ophthalmologists in the field with masking of each other's findings for its utility and comparison.

resultsThe prevalence of DR, sight threatening DR and maculopathy using indirect ophthalmoscopy was found to be 12.1%, 2.1% and 6.6%, respectively. A fair agreement (κ=0.48 for DR and 0.59 for maculopathy) was observed between both the detection methods. The sensitivity and specificity of fundus photographic evaluation compared with indirect ophthalmoscopy were found to be 54.8% and 92.1% (for DR), 60.7% and 90.8% (for any DR) and 84.2% and 94.8% (for only maculopathy), respectively.

conclusionNon-mydriatic fundus photography has the potential to identify DR (any retinopathy or maculopathy) in community settings in Indian population. Its utility as an affordable and logistically convenient cum practical modality is demonstrable. The sensitivity of this screening modality can be further increased by investing in better resolution cameras, capturing quality images and training and validation of imagers. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: CTRI/2020/01/023025; Clinical Trial Registry, India (CTRI).

Indexed as

Diabetes MellitusDiabetic RetinopathyMacular DegenerationCross-Sectional StudiesHumansIndiaMass ScreeningMiddle AgedOphthalmoscopyPhotographyPilot ProjectsProspective Studiesdiabetic retinopathymedical retinapublic health

Identifiers

PMID35396308
PMCPMC8995946
OpenAlexW4223421668

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.