Trial reportAmerican journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989)2022
Genital inflammatory status and the innate immune response to contraceptive initiation.
Trial report in American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989), 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 10 citations in OpenAlex.
- Impact of contraceptive initiation on the cervicovaginal mucosa: results from the UMPALA multicentre, partially randomized patient-preference interventional trial.Frontiers in reproductive health · 2026Trial
- Effect of contraceptive methods on the vaginal microbiome and host immune factors.Contraception · 2025Trial
- Trial
- Genital inflammatory status and the innate immune response to contraceptive initiation.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2022Trial
- Ovarian cancer tumor immune profiles associated with intrauterine device and oral contraceptive use.British journal of cancer · 2026Article
- No change in key HIV target cell markers following initiation of three progestin-based hormonal contraception methods: findings from the CHIME study.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Effects of intrauterine device use on attack frequency and severity ın woman of reproductive age with familial Mediterranean fever.Archives of gynecology and obstetrics · 2024Article
- Effect of progestin-based contraceptives on HIV-associated vaginal immune biomarkers and microbiome in adolescent girls.PloS one · 2024Article
- Update on the Impact of Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate on Vaginal Mucosal Endpoints and Relevance to Sexually Transmitted Infections.Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2023Review
- Glucocorticoids and medroxyprogesterone acetate synergize with inflammatory stimuli to selectively upregulate CCL20 transcription.Molecular and cellular endocrinology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
20 authors at 8 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
problemData on the effects of contraceptives on female genital tract (FGT) immune mediators are inconsistent, possibly in part due to pre-existing conditions that influence immune mediator changes in response to contraceptive initiation.
methodsThis study included 161 South African women randomised to injectable depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA-IM), copper intrauterine device (IUD), or levonorgestrel (LNG) implant in the Evidence for Contraceptive Options and HIV Outcomes (ECHO) trial. We measured thirteen cytokines and antimicrobial peptides previously associated with HIV acquisition in vaginal swabs using Luminex and ELISA, before, and at 1 and 3 months after contraceptive initiation. Women were grouped according to an overall baseline inflammatory profile. We evaluated modification of the relationships between contraceptives and immune mediators by baseline inflammation, demographic, and clinical factors.
resultsOverall, LNG implant and copper IUD initiation were associated with increases in inflammatory cytokines, while no changes were observed following DMPA-IM initiation. However, when stratifying by baseline inflammatory profile, women with low baseline inflammation in all groups experienced significant increases in inflammatory cytokines, while those with a high baseline inflammatory profile experienced no change or decreases in inflammatory cytokines.
conclusionWe conclude that pre-contraceptive initiation immune profile modifies the effect of contraceptives on the FGT innate immune response.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.