ArticleEMBO molecular medicine2022
BNT162b2 vaccine induces antibody release in saliva: a possible role for mucosal viral protection?
Article in EMBO molecular medicine, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- Saliva is suitable for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies detection after vaccination: A rapid systematic review.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Pooled it
- mRNA COVID-19 vaccination induces minimal IgA in saliva in the absence of prior clinical or subclinical infection.Vaccine · 2026Article
- Building better antibody responses: The interplay of infection, vaccination, and immune imprinting.PNAS nexus · 2026Review
- Salivary IgG Antibody Response to SARS-CoV-2 as a Non-Invasive Assessment of Immune Response-Differences Between Vaccinated Children and Adults.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- Surrogate virus neutralization test to determine salivary neutralizing antibody inhibition of ACE2 and SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD complex.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- SARS-CoV-2 XBB.1.5 mRNA booster vaccination elicits limited mucosal immunity.Science translational medicine · 2024Article
- SARS-CoV-2-specific mucosal immune response in vaccinated versus infected children.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Article
- Intramuscular vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 transiently induces neutralizing IgG rather than IgA in the saliva.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Mucosal response of inactivated and recombinant COVID-19 vaccines in Congolese individuals.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2023Article
- Development of an Oral IgA Response against SARS-CoV-2 Following Immunization with Different COVID-19 Vaccines.Viruses · 2023Article
- Review
- Long-Term Exposure to Air Pollution and COVID-19 Vaccine Antibody Response in a General Population Cohort (COVICAT Study, Catalonia).Environmental health perspectives · 2023Article
- Methodological approaches to optimize multiplex oral fluid SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay performance and correlation with serologic and neutralizing antibody responses.Journal of immunological methods · 2023Article
- COVID-19 vaccines and a perspective on Africa.Trends in immunology · 2023Review
- Evaluation of the accuracy in the mucosal detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in nasal secretions and saliva.International immunopharmacology · 2023Article
- Detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 salivary antibodies in vaccinated adults.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Longitudinal monitoring of mRNA-vaccine-induced immunity against SARS-CoV-2.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Neutralizing antibodies to Omicron after the fourth SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine dose in immunocompromised patients highlight the need of additional boosters.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Methodological approaches to optimize multiplex oral fluid SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay performance and correlation with serologic and neutralizing antibody responses.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2022Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Vaccination against an airborne pathogen is very effective if it induces also the development of mucosal antibodies that can protect against infection. The mRNA-based vaccine-encoding SARS-CoV-2 full-length spike protein (BNT162b2, Pfizer/BioNTech) protects also against infection despite being administered systemically. Here, we show that upon vaccination, cognate IgG molecules are also found in the saliva and are more abundant in SARS-CoV-2 previously exposed subjects, paralleling the development of plasma IgG. The antibodies titer declines at 3 months from vaccination. We identified a concentration of specific IgG in the plasma above which the relevant IgG can be detected in the saliva. Regarding IgA antibodies, we found only protease-susceptible IgA1 antibodies in plasma while they were present at very low levels in the saliva over the course of vaccination of SARS-CoV-2-naïve subjects. Thus, in response to BNT162b2 vaccine, plasma IgG can permeate into mucosal sites and participate in viral protection. It is not clear why IgA1 are detected in low amount, they may be proteolytically cleaved.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.