ArticleJournal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry2022
Quantitative effect of sex on disease activity and disability accumulation in multiple sclerosis.
Article in Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The trial behind it
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Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 56 citations in OpenAlex.
- Gender disparities in cognitive impairment across neurological autoimmune disorders: a systematic review.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Pooled it
- Understanding the Role of Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis in Multiple Sclerosis and Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Virtual reality-based oculography detects internuclear ophthalmoplegia in multiple sclerosis and other neurological disorders.Journal of neurology · 2026Article
- Sex-based differences in the NRF2 oxidative stress response: Implications for precision therapeutics.Redox biology · 2026Review
- Demyelinating disorders in women: epidemiology, immunology, and clinical implications across MS, NMOSD, and MOGAD.Journal of neurology · 2026Review
- Disparities in imaging and management of multiple sclerosis: a review.The British journal of radiology · 2026Review
- Sex and gender-related differences in neurological diseases: current challenges and recommendations for clinical practice.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Review
- Residual inflammation in the cerebrospinal fluid after short- and long-term natalizumab treatment in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Observational
- Sex differences in the development, treatment, and prognosis of multiple sclerosis in Switzerland.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Article
- Influence of age and sex on presymptomatic phases of neurodegenerative diseases: Focus on multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease.Revue neurologique · 2025Review
- Multiple sclerosis from onset to secondary progression: a 30-year Italian register study.Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry · 2025Article
- Observational
- Impact of sex on multiple sclerosis therapy.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2025Review
- The influence of menopause on multiple sclerosis.European journal of neurology · 2025Article
- Effect of Diet and Dietary Patterns on the Progression of Multiple Sclerosis: A Review.Recent advances in food, nutrition & agriculture · 2025Review
- Stable excess mortality in a multiple sclerosis cohort diagnosed 1970-2010.European journal of neurology · 2024Article
- Testing Polynomial (Non-Linear) Effects of Neurological and Physical Disability on Sexual Well-Being in Multiple Sclerosis.Brain sciences · 2024Article
- The Role of Sex and Other Personal Characteristics in the Effects of Symptoms Severity on Self-Care Agency in Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis.Brain and behavior · 2024Article
- Prevalence and Burden of Multiple Sclerosis in China, 1990-2019: Findings From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.Neurology · 2024Article
- Disentangling the heterogeneity of multiple sclerosis through identification of independent neuropathological dimensions.Acta neuropathologica · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo quantify sex differences in activity and severity of multiple sclerosis (MS) and how it depends on disease duration and time since clinical onset.
methodsAll Danish citizens with onset of relapsing MS since 1996 who have received disease-modifying therapy have been followed with annual or biannual control visits with mandatory notification of the Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry. Men and women were compared by the inverse probability of being female. Relapse rates and changes in the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores were analysed with weighted general linear models, and we used weighted Cox regression for HRs between men and women for different EDSS endpoints.
resultsWe included 3028 men and 6619 women. The weighted female:male relapse rate ratio was 1.16 (95% CI: 1.10 to 1.22) but after age 50 years, the difference disappeared. The annualised increase in EDSS was 0.07 in men (95% CI: 0.05 to 0.08) and 0.05 in women (95% CI: 0.04 to 0.06); p=0.017. With women as reference, the HR for reaching EDSS 4 was 1.34 (95% CI: 1.23 to 1.45; p<0.001), and for reaching EDSS 6 it was 1.43 (95% CI: 1.28 to 1.61; p<0.001). The diagnostic delay did not differ significantly between the sexes.
conclusionWomen have more inflammatory disease activity in terms of relapses than men up to the age of menopause indicating that sex hormones may play a role. Men are more subject to the neurodegenerative component of MS than women, particularly after the age of 45 years.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.