ArticleBMC ophthalmology2022
Is wearing a face mask associated with symptomatic dry eye disease among medical students during the COVID-19 era? An online survey.
Article in BMC ophthalmology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence of dry eye during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2023Pooled it
- Global Prevalence of Dry Eye Disease in Medical Students: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Vision (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- The effect of mask usage on dry eye symptoms and meibomian gland function in OSAS patients: an observational study.Sleep & breathing = Schlaf & Atmung · 2025Observational
- Article
- Review
- Prevalence of Dry Eye Disease Among Medical Students and Its Association with Sleep Habits, Use of Electronic Devices and Caffeine Consumption: A Cross-Sectional Questionnaire.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2023Article
- Article
- Assessment of the Effect of Wearing a Surgical Face Mask on Tear Film in Normal Eye Subjects.Journal of ophthalmology · 2022Article
- The effect of COVID-19 pandemic and wearing face masks on ophthalmology practice: What is known so far? A narrative review.Frontiers in medicine · 2022Review
- Article
- Impact of face mask usage on physiological and histological ocular surface features of hydrogel and silicone hydrogel contact lens wearers.Oman journal of ophthalmologyArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundCoronavirus disease 2019 has necessitate the routine use of masks worldwide. This study assessed the relationship between wearing a facemask and dry eye disease (DED) among a sample of medical students in Jordan.
methodsThis cross-sectional online survey enrolled medical students from all medical schools in Jordan. The questionnaire, which was shared via social media platforms, assessed sociodemographic information, ocular and medical history, facemask-wearing habits, the use of ocular devices, and the relationship with ocular discomfort. The ocular surface disease index (OSDI) questionnaire was also administered to quantify DED symptoms.
resultsA total of 1,219 students participated in this study. In total, 58.3% participants were females, and 52% were in the clinical science years. Symptomatic DED was found in 71.7% of participants. Female sex, basic science years, allergy reporting, and spending more than 6 h looking at screens were significantly associated with symptomatic DED.
conclusionWearing a facemask was not significantly associated with symptomatic DED. Further studies are needed to investigate the effect of wearing a facemask on the ocular surface.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.