ArticleRadiology. Artificial intelligence2022
Development and Validation of an AI-driven Mammographic Breast Density Classification Tool Based on Radiologist Consensus.
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17 citing papers in PubMed.
- Artificial intelligence for breast cancer prevention: the vision ahead.European radiology · 2026Review
- Interhospital variations in diagnostic work-up following recall at biennial screening mammography-a population-based study.European radiology · 2025Article
- Breast MRI to Screen Women With Extremely Dense Breasts.Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI · 2025Review
- Deep learning prediction of mammographic breast density using screening data.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Transforming Medical Imaging: The Role of Artificial Intelligence Integration in PACS for Enhanced Diagnostic Accuracy and Workflow EfficiencyCurrent medical imaging · 2025Review
- Exploring Dense Breast Density in Mammography: A Comparative Analysis of Breast Cancer Risk.Cureus · 2024Article
- Contrast Enhancement in Breast Cancer: Magnetic Resonance vs. Mammography: A 10-Year Systematic Review.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- The features associated with mammography-occult MRI-detected newly diagnosed breast cancer analysed by comparing machine learning models with a logistic regression model.La Radiologia medica · 2024Article
- Generalisable deep learning method for mammographic density prediction across imaging techniques and self-reported race.Communications medicine · 2024Article
- A scoping review of programme specific mammographic breast density related guidelines and practices within breast screening programmes.European journal of radiology open · 2023Article
- Review
- Fibroglandular tissue segmentation in breast MRI using vision transformers: a multi-institutional evaluation.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Diagnostic accuracy of automated ACR BI-RADS breast density classification using deep convolutional neural networks.European radiology · 2023Article
- Artificial Intelligence Applications in Breast Imaging: Current Status and Future Directions.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Automatic and standardized quality assurance of digital mammography and tomosynthesis with deep convolutional neural networks.Insights into imaging · 2023Article
- Imaging AI in Practice: Introducing the Special Issue.Radiology. Artificial intelligence · 2022Article
- Ablative Therapies for Breast Cancer: State of Art.Technology in cancer research & treatmentReview
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18 authors.
Veronica Magni *Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (V.M., A.C., D.C., C.B.M., F.S.) and Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (A.A.A., S.C., G.D.P., G.G., G.M., G.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; DeepTrace Technologies, Milan, Italy (M.I., C.S.); Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, C.D.I. Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan, Italy (M.A., D.F., S.P.); Bracco Imaging, Milan, Italy (M.A.); Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy (C.S.); Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (S.S., F.S.); Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy (I.C.); and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (I.C.).ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4240-0059
Matteo Interlenghi *Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health (V.M., A.C., D.C., C.B.M., F.S.) and Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (A.A.A., S.C., G.D.P., G.G., G.M., G.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; DeepTrace Technologies, Milan, Italy (M.I., C.S.); Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, C.D.I. Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan, Italy (M.A., D.F., S.P.); Bracco Imaging, Milan, Italy (M.A.); Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy (C.S.); Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (S.S., F.S.); Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy (I.C.); and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (I.C.).ORCID 0000-0002-3066-4276
Andrea CozziDepartment of Biomedical Sciences for Health (V.M., A.C., D.C., C.B.M., F.S.) and Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (A.A.A., S.C., G.D.P., G.G., G.M., G.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; DeepTrace Technologies, Milan, Italy (M.I., C.S.); Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, C.D.I. Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan, Italy (M.A., D.F., S.P.); Bracco Imaging, Milan, Italy (M.A.); Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy (C.S.); Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (S.S., F.S.); Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy (I.C.); and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (I.C.).ORCID 0000-0003-4922-7065
Marco AlìDepartment of Biomedical Sciences for Health (V.M., A.C., D.C., C.B.M., F.S.) and Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (A.A.A., S.C., G.D.P., G.G., G.M., G.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; DeepTrace Technologies, Milan, Italy (M.I., C.S.); Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, C.D.I. Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan, Italy (M.A., D.F., S.P.); Bracco Imaging, Milan, Italy (M.A.); Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy (C.S.); Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (S.S., F.S.); Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy (I.C.); and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (I.C.).
Christian SalvatoreDepartment of Biomedical Sciences for Health (V.M., A.C., D.C., C.B.M., F.S.) and Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (A.A.A., S.C., G.D.P., G.G., G.M., G.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; DeepTrace Technologies, Milan, Italy (M.I., C.S.); Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, C.D.I. Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan, Italy (M.A., D.F., S.P.); Bracco Imaging, Milan, Italy (M.A.); Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy (C.S.); Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (S.S., F.S.); Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy (I.C.); and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (I.C.).ORCID 0000-0001-9312-4675
Alcide A AzzenaDepartment of Biomedical Sciences for Health (V.M., A.C., D.C., C.B.M., F.S.) and Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (A.A.A., S.C., G.D.P., G.G., G.M., G.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; DeepTrace Technologies, Milan, Italy (M.I., C.S.); Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, C.D.I. Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan, Italy (M.A., D.F., S.P.); Bracco Imaging, Milan, Italy (M.A.); Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy (C.S.); Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (S.S., F.S.); Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy (I.C.); and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (I.C.).ORCID 0000-0002-6403-4694
Davide CapraDepartment of Biomedical Sciences for Health (V.M., A.C., D.C., C.B.M., F.S.) and Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (A.A.A., S.C., G.D.P., G.G., G.M., G.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; DeepTrace Technologies, Milan, Italy (M.I., C.S.); Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, C.D.I. Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan, Italy (M.A., D.F., S.P.); Bracco Imaging, Milan, Italy (M.A.); Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy (C.S.); Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (S.S., F.S.); Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy (I.C.); and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (I.C.).ORCID 0000-0001-7978-4730
Serena CarrieroDepartment of Biomedical Sciences for Health (V.M., A.C., D.C., C.B.M., F.S.) and Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (A.A.A., S.C., G.D.P., G.G., G.M., G.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; DeepTrace Technologies, Milan, Italy (M.I., C.S.); Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, C.D.I. Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan, Italy (M.A., D.F., S.P.); Bracco Imaging, Milan, Italy (M.A.); Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy (C.S.); Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (S.S., F.S.); Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy (I.C.); and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (I.C.).
Gianmarco Della PepaDepartment of Biomedical Sciences for Health (V.M., A.C., D.C., C.B.M., F.S.) and Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (A.A.A., S.C., G.D.P., G.G., G.M., G.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; DeepTrace Technologies, Milan, Italy (M.I., C.S.); Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, C.D.I. Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan, Italy (M.A., D.F., S.P.); Bracco Imaging, Milan, Italy (M.A.); Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy (C.S.); Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (S.S., F.S.); Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy (I.C.); and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (I.C.).
Deborah FazziniDepartment of Biomedical Sciences for Health (V.M., A.C., D.C., C.B.M., F.S.) and Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (A.A.A., S.C., G.D.P., G.G., G.M., G.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; DeepTrace Technologies, Milan, Italy (M.I., C.S.); Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, C.D.I. Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan, Italy (M.A., D.F., S.P.); Bracco Imaging, Milan, Italy (M.A.); Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy (C.S.); Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (S.S., F.S.); Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy (I.C.); and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (I.C.).
Giuseppe GranataDepartment of Biomedical Sciences for Health (V.M., A.C., D.C., C.B.M., F.S.) and Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (A.A.A., S.C., G.D.P., G.G., G.M., G.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; DeepTrace Technologies, Milan, Italy (M.I., C.S.); Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, C.D.I. Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan, Italy (M.A., D.F., S.P.); Bracco Imaging, Milan, Italy (M.A.); Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy (C.S.); Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (S.S., F.S.); Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy (I.C.); and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (I.C.).
Caterina B MontiDepartment of Biomedical Sciences for Health (V.M., A.C., D.C., C.B.M., F.S.) and Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (A.A.A., S.C., G.D.P., G.G., G.M., G.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; DeepTrace Technologies, Milan, Italy (M.I., C.S.); Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, C.D.I. Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan, Italy (M.A., D.F., S.P.); Bracco Imaging, Milan, Italy (M.A.); Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy (C.S.); Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (S.S., F.S.); Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy (I.C.); and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (I.C.).ORCID 0000-0002-9539-8642
Giulia MuscogiuriDepartment of Biomedical Sciences for Health (V.M., A.C., D.C., C.B.M., F.S.) and Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (A.A.A., S.C., G.D.P., G.G., G.M., G.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; DeepTrace Technologies, Milan, Italy (M.I., C.S.); Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, C.D.I. Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan, Italy (M.A., D.F., S.P.); Bracco Imaging, Milan, Italy (M.A.); Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy (C.S.); Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (S.S., F.S.); Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy (I.C.); and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (I.C.).
Giuseppe PellegrinoDepartment of Biomedical Sciences for Health (V.M., A.C., D.C., C.B.M., F.S.) and Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (A.A.A., S.C., G.D.P., G.G., G.M., G.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; DeepTrace Technologies, Milan, Italy (M.I., C.S.); Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, C.D.I. Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan, Italy (M.A., D.F., S.P.); Bracco Imaging, Milan, Italy (M.A.); Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy (C.S.); Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (S.S., F.S.); Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy (I.C.); and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (I.C.).
Simone SchiaffinoDepartment of Biomedical Sciences for Health (V.M., A.C., D.C., C.B.M., F.S.) and Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (A.A.A., S.C., G.D.P., G.G., G.M., G.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; DeepTrace Technologies, Milan, Italy (M.I., C.S.); Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, C.D.I. Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan, Italy (M.A., D.F., S.P.); Bracco Imaging, Milan, Italy (M.A.); Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy (C.S.); Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (S.S., F.S.); Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy (I.C.); and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (I.C.).ORCID 0000-0003-4243-888X
Isabella CastiglioniDepartment of Biomedical Sciences for Health (V.M., A.C., D.C., C.B.M., F.S.) and Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (A.A.A., S.C., G.D.P., G.G., G.M., G.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; DeepTrace Technologies, Milan, Italy (M.I., C.S.); Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, C.D.I. Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan, Italy (M.A., D.F., S.P.); Bracco Imaging, Milan, Italy (M.A.); Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy (C.S.); Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (S.S., F.S.); Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy (I.C.); and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (I.C.).
Sergio PapaDepartment of Biomedical Sciences for Health (V.M., A.C., D.C., C.B.M., F.S.) and Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (A.A.A., S.C., G.D.P., G.G., G.M., G.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; DeepTrace Technologies, Milan, Italy (M.I., C.S.); Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, C.D.I. Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan, Italy (M.A., D.F., S.P.); Bracco Imaging, Milan, Italy (M.A.); Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy (C.S.); Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (S.S., F.S.); Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy (I.C.); and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (I.C.).
Francesco SardanelliDepartment of Biomedical Sciences for Health (V.M., A.C., D.C., C.B.M., F.S.) and Postgraduate School in Radiodiagnostics (A.A.A., S.C., G.D.P., G.G., G.M., G.P.), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; DeepTrace Technologies, Milan, Italy (M.I., C.S.); Unit of Diagnostic Imaging and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, C.D.I. Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Milan, Italy (M.A., D.F., S.P.); Bracco Imaging, Milan, Italy (M.A.); Department of Science, Technology and Society, University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Palazzo del Broletto, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy (C.S.); Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy (S.S., F.S.); Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Segrate, Italy (I.C.); and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (I.C.).ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6545-9427
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Mammographic breast density (BD) is commonly visually assessed using the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) four-category scale. To overcome inter- and intraobserver variability of visual assessment, the authors retrospectively developed and externally validated a software for BD classification based on convolutional neural networks from mammograms obtained between 2017 and 2020. The tool was trained using the majority BD category determined by seven board-certified radiologists who independently visually assessed 760 mediolateral oblique (MLO) images in 380 women (mean age, 57 years ± 6 [SD]) from center 1; this process mimicked training from a consensus of several human readers. External validation of the model was performed by the three radiologists whose BD assessment was closest to the majority (consensus) of the initial seven on a dataset of 384 MLO images in 197 women (mean age, 56 years ± 13) obtained from center 2. The model achieved an accuracy of 89.3% in distinguishing BI-RADS a or b (nondense breasts) versus c or d (dense breasts) categories, with an agreement of 90.4% (178 of 197 mammograms) and a reliability of 0.807 (Cohen κ) compared with the mode of the three readers. This study demonstrates accuracy and reliability of a fully automated software for BD classification.
Indexed as
BreastConvolutional Neural Network (CNN)Deep Learning AlgorithmsMachine Learning AlgorithmsMammography
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