ArticlePloS one2022
Binocular vision findings in normally-sighted school aged children who used digital devices.
Article in PloS one, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 9 citations in OpenAlex.
- Diagnostic Validity of Accommodative Tests for Screening Suspected Accommodative Excess in Adolescents.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026Observational
- Oculomotor Vergence Eye Movement Endurance in Normal Vision via Virtual Reality-Integrated Eye Tracking.Journal of eye movement research · 2026Article
- A Review of Digital Eye Strain: Binocular Vision Anomalies, Ocular Surface Changes, and the Need for Objective Assessment.Journal of eye movement research · 2025Review
- Validation of Binocular Vision and Ocular Surface Assessment Tools in Digital Eye Strain Syndrome: The DESIROUS Study.Journal of personalized medicine · 2025Article
- Kinematic Assessment of Fine Motor Skills in Children: Comparison of a Kinematic Approach and a Standardized Test.Vision (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Smartphone use patterns and the impact on accommodation and convergence system of the eyes among Malaysian teenagers.International journal of ophthalmology · 2024Article
- Non-strabismic Binocular Vision Dysfunction among the Medical Students of a Teaching Hospital: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study.JNMA; journal of the Nepal Medical Association · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeTo determine the binocular vision status in normally-sighted school aged children who used digital devices.
methodsA cross-sectional study was conducted at B.P. Koirala Lions Center for Ophthalmic Studies, Kathmandu, Nepal for a duration of one year. One hundred and eighty school aged children (71 female and 109 male) aged 7 to 17 years were included in the study. All the children underwent detailed ophthalmic and binocular vision examinations. The duration of the use of digital devices by the children were asked to either the parents or guardians present at the time of the study. The study participants were divided into two groups: children who used digital devices for the last six months (users group) and those who hadn't used digital devices for the last six months (non users group). The users group was again divided into two subgroups: children who used digital devices for less than 3 hours per day and a day per week (low digital device users subgroup) and children who used digital devices for more than 3 hours per day and all days in a week (high digital device users subgroup).
resultsAccommodative amplitudes, accommodative facility, and positive fusional vergence for both near and distance were significantly reduced in the high digital device users group than in the low digital device users subgroup (p <0.01). Stereo acuity, near point of convergence, and negative fusional vergences for both near and distance were not statistically significantly different between the two subgroups. Prevalence of accommodative and vergence anomalies (except convergence insufficiency) was more in the high digital device users subgroup than in the low digital device users subgroup (p<0.01).
conclusionsChildren who used digital devices for a significantly greater amount of time had significantly reduced amplitudes of accommodation, accommodative facility, and positive fusional vergence both at near and distance.
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