ArticlePLoS biology2022
The expression of virulence genes increases membrane permeability and sensitivity to envelope stress in Salmonella Typhimurium.
Article in PLoS biology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- Review
- A programmed reset mechanism primesScience advances · 2026Article
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- Perturbing H-NS function reveals roles in restricting virulence heterogeneity and pathogen adaptation.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Genomic characterization of Salmonella enterica isolates causing typhoid among Ghanaian patients.PloS one · 2026Article
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- Hosts and Commensal Bacteria Synergistically Antagonize Opportunistic Pathogens at the Single-Cell Resolution.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- SanA is an inner membrane protein mediatingMicrobiology spectrum · 2025Article
- Vaccine-enhanced competition permits rational bacterial strain replacement in the gut.Science (New York, N.Y.) · 2025Article
- Context-dependent change in the fitness effect of (in)organic phosphate antiporter glpT during Salmonella Typhimurium infection.Nature communications · 2025Article
- High-throughput fitness experiments reveal specific vulnerabilities of human-adapted Salmonella during stress and infection.Nature genetics · 2024Article
- Article
- Infectivity responses ofCurrent research in food science · 2024Article
- Physiological stress drives the emergence of a Salmonella subpopulation through ribosomal RNA regulation.Current biology : CB · 2023Article
- How Bacterial Pathogens Coordinate Appetite with Virulence.Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2023Review
- Acinetobacter type VI secretion system comprises a non-canonical membrane complex.PLoS pathogens · 2023Article
- The microbiota conditions a gut milieu that selects for wild-type Salmonella Typhimurium virulence.PLoS biology · 2023Article
- SPI-1 virulence gene expression modulates motility of Salmonella Typhimurium in a proton motive force- and adhesins-dependent manner.PLoS pathogens · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Virulence gene expression can represent a substantial fitness cost to pathogenic bacteria. In the model entero-pathogen Salmonella Typhimurium (S.Tm), such cost favors emergence of attenuated variants during infections that harbor mutations in transcriptional activators of virulence genes (e.g., hilD and hilC). Therefore, understanding the cost of virulence and how it relates to virulence regulation could allow the identification and modulation of ecological factors to drive the evolution of S.Tm toward attenuation. In this study, investigations of membrane status and stress resistance demonstrate that the wild-type (WT) expression level of virulence factors embedded in the envelope increases membrane permeability and sensitizes S.Tm to membrane stress. This is independent from a previously described growth defect associated with virulence gene expression in S.Tm. Pretreating the bacteria with sublethal stress inhibited virulence expression and increased stress resistance. This trade-off between virulence and stress resistance could explain the repression of virulence expression in response to harsh environments in S.Tm. Moreover, we show that virulence-associated stress sensitivity is a burden during infection in mice, contributing to the inherent instability of S.Tm virulence. As most bacterial pathogens critically rely on deploying virulence factors in their membrane, our findings could have a broad impact toward the development of antivirulence strategies.
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