SynthesisThe American journal of clinical nutrition2022
The effects of SCFAs on glycemic control in humans: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- The modulatory role of short-chain fatty acids on peripheral circadian gene expression: a systematic review.Frontiers in physiology · 2025Pooled it
- Short-chain fatty acids and insulin sensitivity: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Nutrition reviews · 2024Pooled it
- Trial
- Fresh-Cooked but Not Cold-Stored Millet Exhibited Remarkable Second Meal Effect Independent of Resistant Starch: A Randomized Crossover Trial.Nutrients · 2024Trial
- Short-chain fatty acids.Nature metabolism · 2026Review
- Modulating gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes mellitus: advances and challenges in precision medicine.Acta diabetologica · 2026Review
- Modulation of Innate Immunity by Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Probiotic and Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Therapies for the Treatment of Colon Disorders.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026Review
- Fermented Plant-Based Foods and Postbiotics for Glycemic Control-Microbial Biotransformation of Phytochemicals.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Mechanistic insights into postbiotics as therapeutic agents in type 2 diabetes management.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2025Review
- Gut-liver axis in diabetes: Mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities.World journal of gastroenterology · 2025Review
- Short-chain fatty acids as a novel intervention for high-fat diet-induced metabolic syndrome.Molecular and cellular biochemistry · 2025Article
- Short-Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs) Modulate the Hepatic Glucose and Lipid Metabolism ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Article
- Article
- Promoting cognitive health through the nexus of gut microbiota and dietary phytochemicals.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Review
- Gut microbiota and its metabolites regulate insulin resistance: traditional Chinese medicine insights for T2DM.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Review
- Higher fibre and lower carbohydrate intake are associated with favourable CGM metrics in a cross-sectional cohort of 470 individuals with type 1 diabetes.Diabetologia · 2024Article
- Dichotomous effect of dietary fiber in pediatrics: a narrative review of the health benefits and tolerance of fiber.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2024Review
- Utilization of the microbiome in personalized medicine.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2024Review
- Breaking bugs: gut microbes metabolize dietary components and modulate vascular health.Critical reviews in food science and nutrition · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundNoncommunicable disease development is related to impairments in glycemic and insulinemic responses, which can be modulated by fiber intake. Fiber's beneficial effects upon metabolic health can be partially attributed to the production of SCFAs via microbial fermentation of fiber in the gastrointestinal tract.
objectivesWe aimed to determine the effects of SCFAs, acetate, propionate, and butyrate on glycemic control in humans.
methodsThe CENTRAL, Embase, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched from inception to 7 December 2021. Papers were included if they reported a randomized controlled trial measuring glucose and/or insulin compared to a placebo in adults. Studies were categorized by the type of SCFA and intervention duration. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed for glucose and insulin for those subject categories with ≥3 studies, or a narrative review was performed.
resultsWe identified 43 eligible papers, with 46 studies within those records (n = 913), and 44 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Vinegar intake decreased the acute glucose response [standard mean difference (SMD), -0.53; 95% CI, -0.92 to -0.14; n = 67] in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance or type 2 diabetes and in healthy volunteers (SMD, -0.27; 95% CI, -0.54 to 0.00; n = 186). The meta-analyses for acute acetate, as well as acute and chronic propionate studies, showed no significant effect.
conclusionsVinegar decreased the glucose response acutely in healthy and metabolically unhealthy individuals. Acetate, propionate, butyrate, and mixed SCFAs had no effect on blood glucose and insulin in humans. Significant heterogeneity, risks of bias, and publication biases were identified in several study categories, including the acute vinegar glucose response. As evidence was very uncertain, caution is urged when interpreting these results. Further high-quality research is required to determine the effects of SCFAs on glycemic control.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.