ArticleScientific reports2022
Biomechanical modeling of actively controlled rectus extraocular muscle pulleys.
Article in Scientific reports, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed, 6 citations in OpenAlex.
- Bilateral superior oblique suture extension in pediatric A-pattern esotropia.Medical hypothesis, discovery & innovation ophthalmology journal · 2025Article
- Deep-Learning-Based Segmentation of Extraocular Muscles from Magnetic Resonance Images.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The Active Pulley Hypothesis (APH) is based on modern functional anatomical descriptions of the oculomotor plant, and postulates behaviors of the orbital pulleys proposed to be positioned by the extraocular muscles (EOMs). A computational model is needed to understand this schema quantitatively. We developed and evaluated a novel biomechanical model of active horizontal rectus pulleys. The orbital (OL) and global (GL) layers of the horizontal rectus EOMs were implemented as separate musculoskeletal strands. Pulley sleeves were modeled as tube-like structures receiving the OL insertion and suspended by elastic strands. Stiffnesses and orientations of pulley suspensions were determined empirically to limit horizontal rectus EOM side-slip while allowing anteroposterior pulley travel. Independent neural drives of the OL greater than GL were assumed. The model was iteratively refined in secondary gazes to implement realistic behavior using the simplest mechanical configuration and neural control strategy. Simulated horizontal rectus EOM paths and pulley positions during secondary gazes were consistent with published MRI measurements. Estimated EOM tensions were consistent with the range of experimentally measured tensions. This model is consistent with postulated bilaminar activity of the EOMs, and the separate roles of the GL in ocular rotation, and OL in pulley positioning.
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Registered trials
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