ArticlePatient preference and adherence2022
Adherence to Optimal Breastfeeding Practices Among HIV-Positive Mothers in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania.
Article in Patient preference and adherence, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 5 citations in OpenAlex.
- Exclusive breastfeeding and associated factors among HIV-infected mothers in sub-Saharan African countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2026Pooled it
- Determinants of exclusive breastfeeding in Tanzania: a systematic review and meta-analysis.International breastfeeding journal · 2025Pooled it
- Breastfeeding knowledge, attitudes and practices of HIV-positive women in Africa: a systematic review.International breastfeeding journal · 2025Pooled it
- Predictors of Exclusive Breastfeeding Amongst Mothers Living With HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Scoping Review.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Public engagement by early career researchers during the COVID-19 pandemic: case studies from East Africa.Open research Africa · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Purpose: We sought to assess how HIV-positive mothers enrolled in the PMTCT program adhere to breastfeeding recommendations concerning early initiation of breastfeeding (EIBF), ie, within one hour of birth, pre-lacteal feeds, exclusive breastfeeding until six months (EBF), and continued breastfeeding to one year of age. This study was designed to assess the practices in response to changing recommendations for breastfeeding in HIV, which have differed drastically over the years. Patients and Methods: We recruited 524 mother-child pairs from 37 PMTCT clinics across Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. The 5 clinics with the highest patient load in each of the 7 districts of Kilimanjaro were chosen, plus the zonal and municipal referral hospitals. The children were below two years of age and currently in the PMTCT program. We administered a questionnaire to assess the mother's practices in feeding the child. We used multiple logistic regression models to determine factors associated with EIBF, EBF, and continued breastfeeding. Results: EIBF was achieved for 73.1% of babies. Cesarean delivery, low birth weight, and partner disclosure of HIV status were significant risk factors for not achieving EIBF. About 19% of children did not breastfeed exclusively. Of the 247 children ≥12 months old, 43.3% had stopped breastfeeding before 12 months. Counseling on ARV, having had >2 pregnancies while HIV-positive and EBF were associated with breastfeeding until 12 months old. Using ART for more than two years decreased the odds of EBF and continued breastfeeding to 12 months of age. Conclusion: Adherence to breastfeeding recommendations for HIV-positive women is suboptimal, particularly in aspects of recent changes in recommendations such as continuing breastfeeding for one year. There is a missed opportunity for interventions such as counseling, which has shown to favor adherence. Health education and counseling are needed for providers and mothers to keep them abreast with the frequently changing recommendations.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.