ArticleFrontiers in immunology2022
Immunogenic SARS-CoV-2 S and N Protein Peptide and Cytokine Combinations as Biomarkers for Early Prediction of Fatal COVID-19.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 13 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Pilot Study of COVID-19 Outcomes in People Living with HIV in Tatarstan.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Predictive Role and Clinical Value of Serum Cytokines in COVID-19.Infectious diseases & clinical microbiology · 2024Article
- Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio and Cytokine Profiling as Predictors of Disease Severity and Survival in Unvaccinated COVID-19 Patients.Vaccines · 2024Article
- Immunized mice naturally process in silico-derived peptides from the nucleocapsid of SARS-CoV-2.BMC microbiology · 2023Article
- Neutralizing Antibodies in COVID-19 Serum from Tatarstan, Russia.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Distinct immune responses in the early phase to natural SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination.Journal of medical virology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Early indications of the likelihood of severe coronavirus disease 2019 COVID-19 can influence treatments and could improve clinical outcomes. However, knowledge on the prediction markers of COVID-19 fatality risks remains limited. Here, we analyzed and quantified the reactivity of serum samples from acute (non-fatal and fatal) and convalescent COVID-19 patients with the spike surface glycoprotein (S protein) and nucleocapsid phosphoprotein (N protein) SARS-CoV-2 peptide libraries. Cytokine activation was also analyzed. We demonstrated that IgM from fatal COVID-19 serum reacted with several N protein peptides. In contrast, IgM from non-fatal serum reacted more with S protein peptides. Further, higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines were found in fatal COVID-19 serum compared to non-fatal. Many of these cytokines were pro-inflammatory and chemokines. Differences in IgG reactivity from fatal and non-fatal COVID-19 sera were also demonstrated. Additionally, the longitudinal analysis of IgG reactivity with SARS-CoV-2 S and N protein identified peptides with the highest longevity in humoral immune response. Finally, using IgM antibody reactivity with S and N SARS-CoV-2 peptides and selected cytokines, we have identified a panel of biomarkers specific to patients with a higher risk of fatal COVID-19 compared with that of patients who survive. This panel could be used for the early prediction of COVID-19 fatality risk.
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