ReviewNeurophotonics2022
Overview of extracellular vesicle characterization techniques and introduction to combined reflectance and fluorescence confocal microscopy to distinguish extracellular vesicle subpopulations.
Review in Neurophotonics, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 56 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
56 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Large extracellular vesicles (microvesicles) in diabetic nephropathy: a systematic review of preclinical studies.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Pooled it
- Proteomic Analysis of Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Pooled it
- Extracellular vesicles for next-gen therapeutics and drug delivery.Molecular biomedicine · 2026Review
- Nitrogen-doped carbon nanodots-based "off-on" fluorescent sensor for the detection of breast cancer-derived exosomes and early diagnosis.Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry · 2026Article
- Multifaceted Role of Extracellular Vesicles: Intercellular Messengers to Therapeutic Applications: A Narrative Review.Health science reports · 2026Review
- Engineered extracellular vesicles for combinatorial cancer therapy and imaging.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2026Review
- Review
- Extracellular Vesicles in Allergy: From Cellular Communication to Clinical Implications.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2026Review
- Corneal Extracellular Vesicles: Small Packages with a Big Impact.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Liquid Biopsy in Early Screening of Cancers: Emerging Technologies and New Prospects.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Bacterial extracellular vesicles in colorectal cancer: mechanisms, biomarker potential, and therapeutic engineering.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026Review
- Review
- Advances of extracellular vesicles isolation and detection frontier technology: from heterogeneity analysis to clinical application.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2025Review
- Extracellular Vesicles in Reproduction: Biology, Production, and Potential Applications in Livestock Breeding.Reproduction in domestic animals = Zuchthygiene · 2025Review
- A practical protocol for correlative confocal fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy characterization of extracellular vesicles.Microbiology spectrum · 2025Article
- Quantum Dot-Based Immunolabelling of Extracellular Vesicles and Detection Using Fluorescence-Based Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis.Journal of extracellular biology · 2025Article
- Enrichment of extracellular vesicles using Mag-Net for the analysis of the plasma proteome.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Exosome: an overview on enhanced biogenesis by small molecules.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2025Review
- Towards Extracellular Vesicles in the Treatment of Epidermolysis Bullosa.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Diagnostic and prognostic roles of endothelial- and platelet-derived extracellular vesicles in cardiovascular diseases.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoparticles (30 to 1000 nm in diameter) surrounded by a lipid-bilayer which carry bioactive molecules between local and distal cells and participate in intercellular communication. Because of their small size and heterogenous nature they are challenging to characterize. Here, we discuss commonly used techniques that have been employed to yield information about EV size, concentration, mechanical properties, and protein content. These include dynamic light scattering, nanoparticle tracking analysis, flow cytometry, transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, western blotting, and optical methods including super-resolution microscopy. We also introduce an innovative technique for EV characterization which involves immobilizing EVs on a microscope slide before staining them with antibodies targeting EV proteins, then using the reflectance mode on a confocal microscope to locate the EV plane. By then switching to the microscope's fluorescence mode, immunostained EVs bearing specific proteins can be identified and the heterogeneity of an EV preparation can be determined. This approach does not require specialist equipment beyond the confocal microscopes that are available in many cell biology laboratories, and because of this, it could become a complementary approach alongside the aforementioned techniques to identify molecular heterogeneity in an EV preparation before subsequent analysis requiring specialist apparatus.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.