ReviewBehavior research methods2023
Eye tracking: empirical foundations for a minimal reporting guideline.
RetractedAbstract readReviewRetracted Publication
In one paragraph
Review in Behavior research methods, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It has been retracted, and should not be counted. Cited by 50 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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50citing papers in PubMed, 3 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
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Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
50 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- A systematic review on visual scanning behaviour in hemianopia considering task specificity, performance improvement, spontaneous and training-induced adaptations.Disability and rehabilitation · 2024Pooled it
- Quantitative Oculomotor Assessment in Hereditary Ataxia: Systematic Review and Consensus by the Ataxia Global Initiative Working Group on Digital-motor Biomarkers.Cerebellum (London, England) · 2024Pooled it
- The use of eye-tracking technology as a tool to evaluate social cognition in people with an intellectual disability: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of neurodevelopmental disorders · 2023Pooled it
- Evaluation of a community health worker home visit intervention to improve child development in South Africa: A cluster-randomized controlled trial.PLoS medicine · 2023Trial
- Role of social competence in emotion processing among emerging adults with anxiety.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Protracted development of gaze behaviour.Nature human behaviour · 2025Article
- Online Eye Tracking for Aphasia: A Feasibility Study Comparing Web and Lab Tracking and Implications for Clinical Use.Brain and behavior · 2024Article
- Financial scarcity and financial avoidance: an eye-tracking and behavioral experiment.Psychological research · 2024Article
- Experimental Method for Identifying Regions of Use of a Progressive Power Lens Using an Eye-Tracker: Validation Study.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Foveolar Drusen Decrease Fixation Stability in Pre-Symptomatic AMD.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2024Article
- Classification of short and long term mild traumatic brain injury using computerized eye tracking.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Article
- A field test of computer-vision-based gaze estimation in psychology.Behavior research methods · 2024Article
- Application of eye-tracking in nursing research: A scoping review.Nursing open · 2024Article
- Examining Eye Tracking Metrics and Cognitive Function in Post-Stroke Individuals: A Comparison of Visual Searching Tasks between Those with and without Cognitive Impairment.Cerebrovascular diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- A low-cost robotic oculomotor simulator for assessing eye tracking accuracy in health and disease.Behavior research methods · 2024Article
- Effects of Exercise Habits and Gender on Sports e-Learning Behavior: Evidence from an Eye-Tracking Study.Psychology research and behavior management · 2024Article
- "We choose this CV because we choose diversity" - What do eye movements say about the choices recruiters make?Frontiers in sociology · 2024Article
- Noise estimation for head-mounted 3D binocular eye tracking using Pupil Core eye-tracking goggles.Behavior research methods · 2024Article
- Hyperparameter tuning using Lévy flight and interactive crossover-based reptile search algorithm for eye movement event classification.Frontiers in physiology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
- Retraction · 2023-11-16Concerns/Issues about Referencing/Attributions ·
- Retracted
Authors and funding
46 authors.
Kenneth HolmqvistDepartment of Psychology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland. kenneth.holmqvist@ur.de.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1738-3207
Saga Lee ÖrbomDepartment of Psychology, Regensburg University, Regensburg, Germany.
Ignace T C HoogeExperimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Diederick C NiehorsterLund University Humanities Lab and Department of Psychology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
Robert G AlexanderDepartment of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
Richard AnderssonTobii Pro AB, Danderyd, Sweden.
Jeroen S BenjaminsExperimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Pieter BlignautDepartment of Computer Science and Informatics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.
Anne-Marie BrouwerTNO, Soesterberg, The Netherlands.
Lewis L ChuangDepartment of Ergonomics, Leibniz Institute for Working Environments and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany.
Kirsten A DalrympleInstitute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.
Denis DriegheSchool of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
Matt J DunnSchool of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
Ulrich EttingerDepartment of Psychology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
Susann FiedlerVienna University of Economics and Business, Vienna, Austria.
Tom FoulshamDepartment of Psychology, University of Essex, Essex, UK.
Jos N van der GeestDepartment of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Dan Witzner HansenMachine Learning Group, Department of Computer Science, IT University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Samuel B HuttonSR Research Ltd, Ottawa, Canada.
Enkelejda KasneciHuman-Computer Interaction, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
Alan KingstoneUniversity of British Columbia, Columbia, Canada.
Paul C KnoxDepartment of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
Ellen M KokDepartment of Education and Pedagogy, Division Education, Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Helena LeeUniversity of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
Joy Yeonjoo LeeSchool of Health Professions Education, Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
Jukka M LeppänenDepartment of Psychology and Speed-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
Stephen MacknikDepartment of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
Päivi MajarantaTAUCHI Research Center, Computing Sciences, Faculty of Information Technology and Communication Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
Susana Martinez-CondeDepartment of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
Antje NuthmannInstitute of Psychology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
Marcus NyströmLund University Humanities Lab, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
Jacob L OrquinDepartment of Management, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
Jorge Otero-MillanHerbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
Soon Young ParkComparative Cognition, Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
Stanislav PopelkaDepartment of Geoinformatics, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
Frank ProudlockThe University of Leicester Ulverscroft Eye Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
Frank RenkewitzDepartment of Psychology, University of Erfurt, Erfurt, Germany.
Austin RoordaHerbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
Michael Schulte-MecklenbeckUniversity of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Bonita SharifSchool of Computing, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA.
Frederick ShicCenter for Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.
Mark ShovmanEyeviation Systems, Herzliya, Israel.
Mervyn G ThomasThe University of Leicester Ulverscroft Eye Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
Ward VenrooijElectrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science (EEMCS), University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
Raimondas ZemblysSmart Eye AB, Göteborg, Sweden.
Roy S HesselsExperimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Funding
Advanced Technology to Study Visual Function on a Cellular ScaleR01EY023591 · NEI · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BERKELEY · PI DUNCAN, JACQUE LYNNE, ROORDA, AUSTIN · 2014 to 2023
$11.2MNovel Perceptual and Oculomotor Heuristics for Enhancing Radiologic PerformanceR01CA258021 · NCI · SUNY DOWNSTATE MEDICAL CENTER · PI MACKNIK, STEPHEN LOUIS, MARTINEZ-CONDE, SUSANA · 2021 to 2025
$2.9MVisual cortical mechanisms for the perception of self-generated vs. external motionR01EY031971 · NEI · SUNY DOWNSTATE MEDICAL CENTER · PI Stephen Louis Macknik, Susana Martinez-Conde · 2020 to 2026
$2.2MNCI NIH HHS R01 CA258021NEI NIH HHS R01 EY023591NEI NIH HHS R01 EY031971
Abstract
In this paper, we present a review of how the various aspects of any study using an eye tracker (such as the instrument, methodology, environment, participant, etc.) affect the quality of the recorded eye-tracking data and the obtained eye-movement and gaze measures. We take this review to represent the empirical foundation for reporting guidelines of any study involving an eye tracker. We compare this empirical foundation to five existing reporting guidelines and to a database of 207 published eye-tracking studies. We find that reporting guidelines vary substantially and do not match with actual reporting practices. We end by deriving a minimal, flexible reporting guideline based on empirical research (Section "An empirically based minimal reporting guideline").
Indexed as
Eye MovementsEye-Tracking TechnologyEmpirical ResearchHumansData qualityEye movementsEye trackingReplicabilityReporting guidelinesReporting practicesReporting standardsReproducibility
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.