ArticleBMJ open2022
Understanding national trends in COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in Canada: results from five sequential cross-sectional representative surveys spanning April 2020-March 2021.
Article in BMJ open, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 56 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence and factors related to COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and unwillingness in Canada: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of medical virology · 2023Pooled it
- Attitudes and Behaviors of Canadians Towards COVID-19 Prevention Measures According to Vaccination Status: A Multi-phase, Cross-sectional Sequential Observational Cohort Study from May 2021 to June 2022.International journal of behavioral medicine · 2026Article
- Individual and Environmental Correlations with Vaccination Status in Canada: The COHESION study.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2026Article
- A global assessment of the level of trust in information sources and adherence to COVID-19 related preventive health behaviors: cross-sectional survey study.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Interactive, Personalized Patient Decision Aid for COVID-19 Vaccination in Canada: User-Centered Design Approach.JMIR human factors · 2026Article
- The impact of COVID-19 vaccine distribution channels on equity-deserving populations: a Canadian population-based cohort study using administrative data.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Diminishing activities of daily living as severity of chronic breathlessness worsens: a national, cross-sectional survey.BMJ open respiratory research · 2025Article
- Acceptance and attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy in Canada.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Don't ask, don't tell (DADT): under-recognition of breathlessness in clinical care-a national survey.BMJ open respiratory research · 2025Article
- Factors associated with parents' hesitancy to vaccinate their children against COVID-19: The moderator role of parental anxiety.Journal of health psychology · 2025Article
- "I think of it as planting seeds": challenging patient-provider discussions about COVID-19 vaccination: a qualitative study.BMC primary care · 2025Article
- Factors Impacting COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake and Confidence Among Immigrant and Refugee Populations in Canada.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- Relational conflicts during COVID-19: Impact of loss and reduction of employment due to prevention measures and the influence of sex and stress (in the iCARE study).Journal of health psychology · 2025Article
- Delay discounting predicts COVID-19 vaccine booster willingness.Cognitive research: principles and implications · 2025Article
- Change in intention and hesitancy regarding COVID-19 vaccines in a cohort of adults in Quebec during the pandemic.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Article
- Psychosocial impacts, preventive behaviours, and concerns associated with the COVID-19 pandemic for pregnant and non-pregnant women: A matched analysis from the International iCARE Study.Archives of women's mental health · 2024Article
- The protective power of dissent? A longitudinal study on cognitive and socio-emotional determinants of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among young people in Canada.Transcultural psychiatry · 2024Article
- 'Is It Safe? Is it not?' A Youth-Led Photovoice Study of Youth Perspectives of COVID-19 Vaccine Confidence.Health expectations : an international journal of public participation in health care and health policy · 2024Article
- COVID-19 vaccine confidence, concerns, and uptake in children aged 5 and older in Calgary, Alberta: a longitudinal cohort study.Paediatrics & child health · 2024Article
- COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in the general population and under-resourced communities from high-income countries: realist review.BMJ open · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
15 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo examine rates of vaccine hesitancy and their correlates among Canadian adults between April 2020 and March 2021.
designFive sequential cross-sectional age, sex and province-weighted population-based samples who completed online surveys.
settingCanada.
participantsA total of 15 019 Canadians aged 18 years and over were recruited through a recognised polling firm (Leger Opinion). Respondents were 51.5% female with a mean age of 48.1 (SD 17.2) years (range 18-95 years) and predominantly white (80.8%). PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Rates of vaccine hesitancy over the five surveys (time points) and their sociodemographic, clinical and psychological correlates.
resultsA total of 42.2% of respondents reported some degree of vaccine hesitancy, which was lowest during surveys 1 (April 2020) and 5 (March 2021) and highest during survey 3 (November 2020). Fully adjusted multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that women, those aged 50 and younger, non-white, those with high school education or less, and those with annual household incomes below the poverty line in Canada were significantly more likely to report vaccine hesitancy, as were essential and healthcare workers, parents of children under the age of 18 and those who do not get regular influenza vaccines. Endorsing prevention behaviours as important for reducing virus transmission and high COVID-19 health concerns were associated with 77% and 54% reduction in vaccine hesitancy, respectively. Having high personal financial concerns was associated with 1.33 times increased odds of vaccine hesitancy.
conclusionsResults highlight the importance of targeting vaccine efforts to specific groups by emphasising the outsized health benefits compared with risks of vaccination. Future research should monitor changes in vaccine intentions and behaviour to better understand underlying factors.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.