Evidence map›Paper›PMID 35380245›Full record

SynthesisEuropean journal of nutrition2022

Risk or benefit? Side effects of caffeine supplementation in sport: a systematic review.

Jefferson Gomes de Souza, Juan Del Coso, Fabiano de Souza Fonseca, Bruno Victor Corrêa Silva, Diego Brito de Souza, Rodrigo Luiz da Silva Gianoni, Aleksandra Filip-Stachnik, Julio Cerca Serrão, João Gustavo Claudino

Registry-linked trialAbstract readSystematic Review
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in European journal of nutrition, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07090421 (Varying Doses of Evening Caffeine Ingestion Have Different Effects on Rowing Ergometer Performance, Sleep Quality and Wakefulness Scores), which is not on this map. Cited by 64 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
64citing papers in PubMed, 4 pooled it
15.8field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT07090421 nacompletednot on this map

Varying Doses of Evening Caffeine Ingestion Have Different Effects on Rowing Ergometer Performance, Sleep Quality and Wakefulness Scores

TypeinterventionalSponsorUlaç Can YILDIRIMRan2022 to 2022Enrolled13ConditionsHealthy Volunteers, Caffeine, Sleep QualityArmsCellulose Powder, Caffeine 3 mg/kg Oral Powder, Caffeine 6 mg/kg Oral Powder, Caffeine 9 mg/kg Oral Powder
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

64 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 98 citations in OpenAlex.

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  12. Caffeine's influence on vertical jump height: a real-life collegiate student-athlete approach.Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2025
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  20. Caffeine, but not paracetamol (acetaminophen), enhances muscular endurance, strength, and power.Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2024
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4 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors at 8 institutions in 3 countries.

Jefferson Gomes de SouzaLaboratory of Nutrition and Sports Training, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7204-9765
Juan Del CosoCentre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, Fuenlabrada, Spain.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5785-984X
Fabiano de Souza FonsecaPhysical Education Department - Laboratory of Sports Science, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9461-8797
Bruno Victor Corrêa SilvaFaculty of Physical Education, University of Itaúna, Itaúna, Minas Gerais, Brazil.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4509-937X
Diego Brito de SouzaExercise Physiology Laboratory, Camilo José Cela University, Madrid, Spain.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3412-0380
Rodrigo Luiz da Silva GianoniResearch and Development Department, LOAD CONTROL, Contagem, Minas Gerais, Brazil.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4194-103X
Aleksandra Filip-StachnikInstitute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland. a.filip@awf.katowice.pl.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2008-6158
Julio Cerca SerrãoLaboratory of Biomechanics - School of Physical Education and Sport, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3646-3387
João Gustavo ClaudinoFaculty of Physical Education, University of Itaúna, Itaúna, Minas Gerais, Brazil.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0263-8118
Universidade de São Paulo · BRAkademii Wychowania Fizycznego im. Jerzego Kukuczki w Katowicach · PLCamilo José Cela University · ESCentro Universitário de Belo Horizonte · BRCompanhia Energética de Minas Gerais (Brazil) · BRUniversidade Federal de Minas Gerais · BRUniversidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco · BRUniversidad Rey Juan Carlos · ES

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeThe aim of this study was to systematically review evidence on the prevalence and magnitude of side effects associated with caffeine supplementation in athletes.

methodsSystematic searches through the PubMed, VHL, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines. Peer-reviewed articles written in English that reported the prevalence/percentage or magnitude/effect size of side effects after caffeine supplementation in athletes in a sports context were included. Studies were grouped by the dose of caffeine administered as follows: low =  ≤ 3.0 mg/kg; moderate = from 3.1 to 6.0 mg/kg; high =  ≥ 6.1 mg/kg. The magnitude of the side effects was calculated with effect sizes.

resultsThe search retrieved 25 studies that met the inclusion/exclusion criteria with a pooled sample of 421 participants. The supplementation with caffeine produced a higher prevalence or magnitude of all side effects under investigation when compared to placebo/control situations. The prevalence (magnitude) was between 6 and 34% (ES between 0.13 and 1.11) for low doses of caffeine, between 0 and 34% (ES between -0.13 and 1.20) for moderate doses of caffeine, and between 8 and 83% (ES between 0.04 and 1.52) with high doses of caffeine. The presence of tachycardia/heart palpitations and the negative effects on sleep onset had the highest prevalence and magnitude, in athletes using supplementation with caffeine.

conclusionIn summary, caffeine supplementation in the doses habitually used to enhance physical performance produces several side effects, both after exercise and at least 24 h after the ingestion. However, the prevalence and magnitude of side effects with high doses of caffeine were habitually higher than with low doses of caffeine. From a practical perspective, using ~3.0 mg/kg of caffeine may be the dose of choice to obtain the ergogenic benefits of caffeine with the lowest prevalence and magnitude of side effects.

Indexed as

Athletic PerformancePerformance-Enhancing SubstancesCaffeineDietary SupplementsHumansPhysical EnduranceCaffeinePerformance-Enhancing SubstancesAdverse effectsAthletic performanceEnergy drinksNegative effectsPhysical exercise

Identifiers

PMID35380245
OpenAlexW4225995879

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.