ArticleScientific reports2022
The human milk microbiome aligns with lactation stage and not birth mode.
Article in Scientific reports, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers.
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Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 55 citations in OpenAlex.
- Parental microbiome programming of early-life neurodevelopment: multi-niche contributions through the microbiome-gut-brain axis.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Delayed maturation of the milk microbiome in women with type 1 diabetes.Diabetologia · 2026Article
- The human breast milk microbiome: a landscape review of its composition, origins, and impact on infant health.Archives of microbiology · 2026Review
- A Metagenomic Comparison of the Colostrum Microbiome in Bulgarian Mothers by Delivery Mode: A Pilot Study.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- The influence of breast milk microbiota from HIV-infected women on infant gut microbiota colonization within the first two weeks of life.Frontiers in microbiomes · 2026Article
- Human breast milk-derived Limosilactobacillus fermentum strains modulate hBD-2 expression against Neisseria meningitidis infection through the TLR-2/p38-MAPK/NF-κB pathway.World journal of microbiology & biotechnology · 2025Article
- Unraveling Stage-Specific Metabolites in Human Milk and Their Links to Maternal Physiology: Insights from a Mexican Population.Nutrients · 2025Observational
- The Association Between Maternal Diet and the Human Milk Microbiome: A Review of Evidence and Methodological Challenges.Microorganisms · 2025Review
- Longitudinal Profiling of the Human Milk Microbiome from Birth to 12 Months Reveals Overall Stability and Selective Taxa-Level Variation.Microorganisms · 2025Article
- Management of Neonates in the Special Care Nursery and Its Impact on the Developing Gut Microbiota: A Comprehensive Clinical Review.Microorganisms · 2025Review
- Human Milk Microbiome from Polish Women Giving Birth via Vaginal Delivery-Pilot Study.Biology · 2025Article
- Human Milk Microbiota Across Lactation Stages and Free Glutamate Concentrations in Healthy Ecuadorian Women.Nutrients · 2025Article
- A microbial symphony: a literature review of the factors that orchestrate the colonization dynamics of the human colonic microbiome during infancy and implications for future health.Microbiome research reports · 2025Review
- Regulatory Effects of Maternal Intake of Microbial-Derived Antioxidants on Colonization of Microbiota in Breastmilk and That of Intestinal Microbiota in Offspring.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2024Article
- Age-specific composition of milk microbiota in Tibetan sheep and goats.Applied microbiology and biotechnology · 2024Article
- Article
- A comparison of the breast milk microbiota from women diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus and women without gestational diabetes mellitus.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2024Article
- Comparison of canine colostrum and milk using a multi-omics approach.Animal microbiome · 2024Article
- Human milk microbiota and oligosaccharides in colostrum and mature milk: comparison and correlation.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Article
- Microbial Quality of Donkey Milk during Lactation Stages.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
We analysed the human milk microbiome in a cohort of 80 lactating women and followed the dynamics in taxa over the course of lactation from birth to 6 months. Two hundred and thirty one milk samples were collected from full-term lactating women at 1, 4, 8 and 24 weeks following birth and analysed for microbiota composition using 16S rRNA sequencing. A significant decrease in milk microbiota diversity was observed throughout the first 6 months of lactation, with the greatest difference seen between week 8 and week 24. Nine genera predominated in milk over lactation from week 1 to week 24, comprising of Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Bifidobacterium, Mesorhizobium, Brevundimonas, Flavobacterium, and Rhodococcus; however, fluctuations in these core genera were apparent over time. There was a significant effect of stage of lactation on the microbiome, while no effect of birth mode, infant sex and maternal BMI was observed throughout lactation. Streptococcus had the highest mean relative abundance at week 1 and 24 (17.3% and 24% respectively), whereas Pseudomonas predominated at week 4 (22%) and week 8 (19%). Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus had the highest mean relative abundance at week 4 (5% and 1.4% respectively), and occurred at a relative abundance of ≤ 1% at all other time points. A decrease in milk microbiota diversity throughout lactation was also observed. This study concluded that lactation stage was the primary driving factor in milk microbiota compositional changes over lactation from birth to 6 months, while mode of delivery was not a factor driving compositional changes throughout human lactation.
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