ArticleBMC infectious diseases2022
The effectiveness of governmental nonpharmaceutical interventions against COVID-19 at controlling seasonal influenza transmission: an ecological study.
Article in BMC infectious diseases, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed.
- Global Circulation Dynamics and Its Determinants of Dengue Virus: A Network Evolution and Model Study from 1990 to 2019.Viruses · 2025Article
- Effects of K-12 School District Nonpharmaceutical Interventions on Community-Level Prevalence of Acute Respiratory Infection During the COVID-19 Pandemic.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2025Article
- Infectivity and fatality of influenza in pre- and post-COVID-19 pandemic year.PLoS computational biology · 2025Article
- Annual global dengue dynamics are related to multi-source factors revealed by a machine learning prediction analysis.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- Disruption of seasonal influenza circulation and evolution during the 2009 H1N1 and COVID-19 pandemics in Southeastern Asia.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Changes in Epidemics of Respiratory Viral Infections Resulted From the COVID-19 Pandemic in Shanghai.Journal of medical virology · 2024Article
- The response to influenza vaccination is associated with DNA methylation-driven regulation of T cell innate antiviral pathways.Clinical epigenetics · 2024Article
- Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Influenza Hospital Admissions and Deaths in Wales: Descriptive National Time Series Analysis.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2024Article
- Molecular epidemiology and phylogenetic analysis of influenza viruses A (H3N2) and B/Victoria during the COVID-19 pandemic in Guangdong, China.Infectious diseases of poverty · 2024Article
- Towards Improved XAI-Based Epidemiological Research into the Next Potential Pandemic.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Importations of SARS-CoV-2 lineages decline after nonpharmaceutical interventions in phylogeographic analyses.Nature communications · 2024Article
- The response to influenza vaccination is associated with DNA methylation-driven regulation of T cell innate antiviral pathways.Research square · 2024Article
- Impact of the COVID-19 related border restrictions on influenza and other common respiratory viral infections in New Zealand.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2024Article
- Quantified impacts of non-pharmaceutical interventions on influenza circulation during the COVID-19 pandemic in 13 African countries, 2020-2022.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2024Article
- Multimodeling approach to evaluating the efficacy of layering pharmaceutical and nonpharmaceutical interventions for influenza pandemics.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2023Article
- Global patterns and drivers of influenza decline during the COVID-19 pandemic.International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases · 2023Article
- Review
- The changing contributory role to infections of work, public transport, shopping, hospitality and leisure activities throughout the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in England and Wales.NIHR open research · 2023Article
- National Influenza Annual Report, Canada, 2021-2022: A brief, late influenza epidemic.Canada communicable disease report = Releve des maladies transmissibles au Canada · 2022Article
- Article
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11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundA range of strict nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) were implemented in many countries to combat the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. These NPIs may also be effective at controlling seasonal influenza virus infections, as influenza viruses have the same transmission path as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different NPIs on the control of seasonal influenza.
methodsData for 14 NPIs implemented in 33 countries and the corresponding influenza virological surveillance data were collected. The influenza suppression index was calculated as the difference between the influenza positivity rate during its period of decline from 2019 to 2020 and during the influenza epidemic seasons in the previous 9 years. A machine learning model was developed using an extreme gradient boosting tree regressor to fit the NPI and influenza suppression index data. The SHapley Additive exPlanations tool was used to characterize the NPIs that suppressed the transmission of influenza.
resultsOf all NPIs tested, gathering limitations had the greatest contribution (37.60%) to suppressing influenza transmission during the 2019-2020 influenza season. The three most effective NPIs were gathering limitations, international travel restrictions, and school closures. For these three NPIs, their intensity threshold required to generate an effect were restrictions on the size of gatherings less than 1000 people, ban of travel to all regions or total border closures, and closing only some categories of schools, respectively. There was a strong positive interaction effect between mask-wearing requirements and gathering limitations, whereas merely implementing a mask-wearing requirement, and not other NPIs, diluted the effectiveness of mask-wearing requirements at suppressing influenza transmission.
conclusionsGathering limitations, ban of travel to all regions or total border closures, and closing some levels of schools were found to be the most effective NPIs at suppressing influenza transmission. It is recommended that the mask-wearing requirement be combined with gathering limitations and other NPIs. Our findings could facilitate the precise control of future influenza epidemics and other potential pandemics.
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