ArticleJournal of anxiety disorders2022
Distinguishing PTSD, complex PTSD, and borderline personality disorder using exploratory structural equation modeling in a trauma-exposed urban sample.
Article in Journal of anxiety disorders, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 45 citations in OpenAlex.
- Re-examining the comorbidity between borderline personality disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder: a systematic narrative review.BMC psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- A network perspective on posttraumatic stress disorder and comorbid borderline personality disorder symptoms.European journal of psychotraumatology · 2024Trial
- Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Borderline Personality Disorder: A Systematic Review of Diagnostic Distinction and Comorbidity.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Borderline personality disorder and eating disorders are characterized by specific patterns of autistic traits, post-traumatic and catatonic symptoms.Eating and weight disorders : EWD · 2026Article
- The mediator effect of emotion regulation strategies in relation between motivation and dysregulation emotion: A structural equation modeling approach.Journal of education and health promotion · 2026Article
- Personality Disorder Severity-ICD-11 Scale and CPTSD ICD-11 Scale: examining possible psychometric properties and diagnostic concept overlap.European journal of psychotraumatology · 2025Article
- Validation of the International Trauma Interview (ITI) among treatment-seeking people with adverse childhood experiences in South Korea.European journal of psychotraumatology · 2025Article
- Article
- Mapping connections between complex post-traumatic stress disorder and psychotic-like experiences among adolescents: a Gaussian and Bayesian network study.Psychological medicine · 2025Article
- Case Report: A complex case of an adolescent female with comorbid borderline personality disorder and autism spectrum disorder.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Beyond diagnosis: symptom patterns across complex PTSD and borderline personality disorder.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Tell Me about yourself: Analyzing self-referential language use in borderline personality disorder.Journal of psychiatric research · 2024Article
- Health-related quality of life in psychiatric outpatients: a cross-sectional study of associations with symptoms, diagnoses, and employment status.Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation · 2024Article
- Understanding Trauma in IPV: Distinguishing Complex PTSD, PTSD, and BPD in Victims and Offenders.Brain sciences · 2024Review
- Theorizing that Psychedelic Assisted Therapy May Play a Role in the Treatment of Trauma-Induced Personality Disorders.Journal of addiction psychiatry · 2024Article
- Structural Equation Modeling of Childhood Trauma and Self-Stigma in Adult Inpatients with Borderline Personality Disorder.Psychology research and behavior management · 2024Article
- A network analysis of ICD-11 Complex PTSD, emotional processing, and dissociative experiences in the context of psychological trauma at different developmental stages.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Article
- Gender differences in borderline personality disorder: a narrative review.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Review
- ICD-11 complex posttraumatic stress disorder and subclasses of borderline personality disorder in a South Korean adult population with childhood abuse experiences: a latent class analysis.Borderline personality disorder and emotion dysregulation · 2023Article
- Determinants of Care Pathways for C-PTSD Patients in French Psychotrauma Centers: A Qualitative Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
There is debate about the validity of the complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) diagnosis and whether disturbances in self-organization (DSO) in CPTSD can be differentiated from borderline personality disorder (BPD). How PTSD is defined may matter. The present study used exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) to replicate and extend prior work by including two models to examine how PTSD (ICD-11, DSM-5), DSO, and BPD symptoms relate. Participants (N = 470; 98.1% women; 97.7% Black) were recruited from medical clinics within an urban hospital. PTSD, CPTSD, and BPD were assessed using semi-structured interviews and trauma-related avoidance, aggressive behavior, and anxious attachment were assessed using self-report measures. ESEM models of PTSD, DSO, and BPD symptoms were run. We found a three-factor ESEM model of CPTSD (ICD-11 PTSD and DSO symptoms) and BPD symptoms best fit the data and found support for discriminant validity between factors across trauma-related avoidance, aggressive behavior, and anxious attachment. For DSM-5 PTSD, a two-factor ESEM model was best-fitting (PTSD and DSO/BPD). The findings demonstrate clear distinguishing and overlapping features of ICD-11 PTSD, CPTSD, and BPD and the necessity to consider the diagnostic structure of PTSD in determining the additive value of CPTSD as a distinct construct.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.