SynthesisJournal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry2022
Genome-wide Association Meta-analysis of Childhood and Adolescent Internalizing Symptoms.
Open access · hybridAbstract readMeta-Analysis
In one paragraph
Synthesis in Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
38citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
11.7field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 64 citations in OpenAlex.
- Genetics, epigenetics, and neurobiology of childhood-onset depression: an umbrella review.Molecular psychiatry · 2024Pooled it
- The contribution of common and rare genetic variation to emotional and behavioural symptoms in childhood and adolescence.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Multivariate maternal effects across the internalizing-externalizing spectrum in childhood: results from the Norwegian mother, father, and child cohort study.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2026Article
- DynoSys 2.0: Graph-Based Modeling of Dynamic Risk States and System Transitions in Human Behaviours Development.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- The association of objectively and subjectively measured modifiable lifestyle factors with internalizing problems: the role of genetic confounding and shared method variance bias.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2026Article
- Prevalence, Characteristics, and Genetic Architecture of Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Phenotypes.JAMA pediatrics · 2026Article
- Do Common Genetic Factors Underlie Comorbidity Between Migraine and Major Depressive Disorder in Youth?Pediatric neurology · 2025Article
- Childhood gut microbiome is linked to internalizing symptoms at school age via the functional connectome.Nature communications · 2025Observational
- Article
- Genome-wide association study of adolescent-onset depression.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Temperament multi-trajectory groups across adolescence: Associations with adulthood psychopathology and polygenic scores in TRAILS.Development and psychopathology · 2025Article
- The association between temperament and polygenic score for psychopathology from infancy to middle childhood.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2025Article
- Polygenic and developmental profiles of autism differ by age at diagnosis.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Peripheral MicroRNA Signatures in Adolescent Depression.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2025Article
- The causal role of male pubertal timing for the development of externalizing and internalizing traits: results from Mendelian randomization studies.Psychological medicine · 2025Article
- Potentially causal associations between placental DNA methylation and schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric disorders.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Childhood trajectories of emotional and behavioral difficulties are related to polygenic liability for mood and anxiety disorders.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2025Article
- Article
- Impact of life adversity and gene expression on psychiatric symptoms in children and adolescents: findings from the Brazilian high risk cohort study.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- No relationship between male pubertal timing and depression - new insights from epidemiology and Mendelian randomization.Psychological medicine · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
94 authors at 20 institutions in 10 countries.
Eshim S JamiVrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; University College London, London, United Kingdom. Electronic address: e.shahid@ucl.ac.uk.
Anke R HammerschlagVrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Child Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
Hill F IpVrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Andrea G AllegriniUniversity College London, London, United Kingdom; Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
Beben BenyaminUniversity of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia.
Richard BorderInstitute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder.
Elizabeth W DiemerErasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.
Chang JiangMichigan State University, East Lansing; University of Florida, Gainesville.
Ville KarhunenImperial College London, United Kingdom.
Yi LuKarolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Qing LuMichigan State University, East Lansing.
Travis T MallardUniversity of Texas, Austin.
Pashupati P MishraTampere University, Tampere, Finland, and Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland.
Ilja M NolteUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands.
Teemu PalviainenInstitute for Molecular Medicine Finland - FIMM, University of Helsinki, Finland.
Roseann E PetersonVirginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond.
Hannah M SallisSchool of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, United Kingdom, and Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, United Kingdom; Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, United Kingdom.
Andrey A ShabalinUniversity of Utah, Salt Lake City.
Ashley E TateKarolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Elisabeth ThieringInstitute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.
Natàlia Vilor-TejedorErasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain; BarcelonaBeta Brain Research Center, (BBRC) Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.
Carol WangSchool of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Australia.
Ang ZhouUniversity of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.
Daniel E AdkinsUniversity of Utah, Salt Lake City.
Silvia AlemanyUniversitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; SGlobal, Barcelona Institute of Global Health, Barcelona, Spain; and CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain.
Helga AskNorwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
Qi ChenKarolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Robin P CorleyInstitute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder.
Erik A EhliAvera Institute for Human Genetics, Avera McKennan Hospital & University Health Center, Sioux Falls, South Dakota.
Luke M EvansInstitute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder.
Alexandra HavdahlNorwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
Fiona A HagenbeekVrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Christian HakulinenUniversity of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Anjali K HendersInstitute for Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
Jouke Jan HottengaVrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Tellervo KorhonenInstitute for Molecular Medicine Finland - FIMM, University of Helsinki, Finland.
Abdullah MamunInstitute for Social Science Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
Shelby MarringtonSchool of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
Alexander NeumannErasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada.
Kaili RimfeldSocial, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
Fernando RivadeneiraErasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Judy L SilbergVirginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond.
Catharina E van BeijsterveldtVrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Eero VuoksimaaInstitute for Molecular Medicine Finland - FIMM, University of Helsinki, Finland.
Alyce M WhippInstitute for Molecular Medicine Finland - FIMM, University of Helsinki, Finland.
Xiaoran TongMichigan State University, East Lansing; University of Florida, Gainesville.
Ole A AndreassenNORMENT Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; and Oslo University Hospital, Norway.
Dorret I BoomsmaVrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Sandra A BrownUniversity of California San Diego, La Jolla.
S Alexandra BurtMichigan State University, East Lansing.
William CopelandUniversity of Vermont, Burlington.
Danielle M DickVirginia Commonwealth University, Richmond.
K Paige HardenUniversity of Texas, Austin.
Kathleen Mullan HarrisCarolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
Catharina A HartmanUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands.
Joachim HeinrichInstitute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
John K HewittInstitute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder.
Christian HopferUniversity of Colorado, Aurora.
Elina HypponenUniversity of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia.
Marjo-Riitta JarvelinMRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; the Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
Jaakko KaprioInstitute for Molecular Medicine Finland - FIMM, University of Helsinki, Finland.
Liisa Keltikangas-JärvinenUniversity of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Kelly L KlumpMichigan State University, East Lansing.
Kenneth KrauterUniversity of Colorado Boulder.
Ralf Kuja-HalkolaKarolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Henrik LarssonKarolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Terho LehtimäkiTampere University, Tampere, Finland, and Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland.
Paul LichtensteinKarolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Sebastian LundströmUniversity of Gothenburg, Sweden.
Hermine H MaesVirginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond; Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond.
Per MagnusCentre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
Marcus R MunafòSchool of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, United Kingdom, and Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, United Kingdom; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at the University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol, United Kingdom.
Jake M NajmanSchool of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
Pål R NjølstadCenter for Diabetes Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, and Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
Albertine J OldehinkelUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands.
Craig E PennellSchool of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Australia.
Robert PlominSocial, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
Ted Reichborn-KjennerudNorwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
Chandra ReynoldsUniversity of California at Riverside, California, and Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana.
Richard J RoseUniversity of California at Riverside, California, and Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana.
Andrew SmolenInstitute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder.
Harold SniederUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands.
Michael StallingsInstitute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder.
Marie StandlInstitute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
Jordi SunyerUniversitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; SGlobal, Barcelona Institute of Global Health, Barcelona, Spain; and CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.
Henning TiemeierErasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.
Sally J WadsworthInstitute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder.
Tamara L WallUniversity of California San Diego, La Jolla.
Andrew J O WhitehouseTelethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth.
Gail M WilliamsSchool of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
Eivind YstrømNorwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; PROMENTA Research Center, University of Oslo, Norway.
Michel G NivardVrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Meike BartelsVrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Christel M MiddeldorpVrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Child Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Child and Youth Mental Health Service, Children's Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, Australia.
University of Colorado Boulder · USThe University of Queensland · AUUniversity of Helsinki · FIVrije Universiteit Amsterdam · NLKarolinska Institutet · SENorwegian Institute of Public Health · NOUniversity Medical Center Groningen · NLVirginia Commonwealth University · USKing's College London · GBMichigan State University · USUniversitat Pompeu Fabra · ESUniversity of South Australia · AUHarvard University · USHelmholtz Zentrum München · DEIndiana University Bloomington · USTampere University · FIThe University of Texas at Austin · USUniversity of California San Diego · USUniversity of Florida · USUniversity of Newcastle Australia · AU
Funding
Subject CollectionU10AA008401 · NIAAA · SUNY DOWNSTATE MEDICAL CENTER · PI JAY Arnold TISCHFIELD · 1989 to 2026
$162.7MTwin StudyP60DA011015 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO DENVER · PI HEWITT, JOHN K. · 1997 to 2013
$22.5MProject 5 - Genetic architecture of alcohol use disorder using cross-trait genetic correlations and public next-generation sequencing studiesP50AA022537 · NIAAA · VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY · PI MICHAEL F MILES · 2014 to 2026
$19.6MColorado Adoption/Twin Study of Lifespan behavioral development & cognitive aging (CATSLife2)R01AG046938 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO · PI REYNOLDS, CHANDRA A, WADSWORTH, SALLY J · 2015 to 2024
$18.5MThe Effects of Cannabis Legalization and Persistent Use: A Longitudinal Study of Two Twin CohortsR01DA042755 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO DENVER · PI Jarrod Martin Ellingson, SOO H RHEE · 2017 to 2026
$9.9MThe development of alcohol misuse and related problems from adolescence to early midlifeR01AA015416 · NIAAA · WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI DICK, DANIELLE M, SALVATORE, JESSICA E · 2005 to 2024
$7.6MIntervention Impacts on Child Wellbeing and Parenting across GenerationsR01HD093651 · NICHD · DUKE UNIVERSITY · PI KENNETH A DODGE, Jennifer E Lansford · 2017 to 2026
$6.1MResearch Training: Mental Health Behavior GeneticsT32MH016880 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO AT BOULDER · PI Naomi P. Friedman, Matthew Charles Keller · 1985 to 2026
$5.3MEstimating the genetic and environmental architecture of psychiatric disordersR01MH100141 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO · PI KELLER, MATTHEW CHARLES · 2013 to 2022
$5.3MScientific & Technical CoreP2CHD042849 · NICHD · UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN · PI MARK D. HAYWARD · 2017 to 2026
$5.2MGenetics and Progression of Early-onset Substance Dependence and HIV RiskR01DA035804 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO DENVER · PI HOPFER, CHRISTIAN J, STALLINGS, MICHAEL CRAIG · 2014 to 2018
$4.9MCross-Population Working Group on Genes and Environment in Major Depression (POP-GEM): Advancing the Understating of Etiology through DiversityR01MH125938 · NIMH · VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY · PI Roseann Elizabeth Peterson · 2022 to 2026
$4.2MMedical Research Council G19/2Medical Research Council MR/S019669/1NIAAA NIH HHS K02 AA018755NIAAA NIH HHS K05 AA000145NIAAA NIH HHS P50 AA022537NIAAA NIH HHS R01 AA015416NIAAA NIH HHS R25 AA027402NIAAA NIH HHS U10 AA008401NIA NIH HHS R01 AG046938NICHD NIH HHS P2C HD042849NICHD NIH HHS R01 HD093651NIDA NIH HHS K24 DA032555NIDA NIH HHS P60 DA011015NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA021905NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA035804NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA042755NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA044283NIMH NIH HHS K01 MH113848NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH100141NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH117559NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH125938NIMH NIH HHS T32 MH016880Wellcome Trust
Abstract
objectiveTo investigate the genetic architecture of internalizing symptoms in childhood and adolescence.
methodIn 22 cohorts, multiple univariate genome-wide association studies (GWASs) were performed using repeated assessments of internalizing symptoms, in a total of 64,561 children and adolescents between 3 and 18 years of age. Results were aggregated in meta-analyses that accounted for sample overlap, first using all available data, and then using subsets of measurements grouped by rater, age, and instrument.
resultsThe meta-analysis of overall internalizing symptoms (INT
conclusionGenetic correlations indicate that childhood and adolescent internalizing symptoms share substantial genetic vulnerabilities with adult internalizing disorders and other childhood psychiatric traits, which could partially explain both the persistence of internalizing symptoms over time and the high comorbidity among childhood psychiatric traits. Reducing phenotypic heterogeneity in childhood samples will be key in paving the way to future GWAS success.
Indexed as
Attention Deficit Disorder with HyperactivityAutistic DisorderGenome-Wide Association StudySleep Initiation and Maintenance DisordersAdolescentAdultAggressionAnxietyBipolar DisorderChildChild, PreschoolDepressionHumansLonelinessPolymorphism, Single NucleotideSchizophreniaanxietydepressiongenetic epidemiologymolecular geneticsrepeated measures
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