ArticleArchives of sexual behavior2022
The Direct Reproductive Cost of Same-Sex Attraction: Evidence from Two Nationally Representative U.S. Samples.
Article in Archives of sexual behavior, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed.
- Does the Evidence Refute the Male Choice Hypothesis? A Response to Wilczkowski (2026).Archives of sexual behavior · 2026Article
- Male Choice Hypothesis: Shortcomings, Inconsistencies, and Proposed Alternatives.Archives of sexual behavior · 2026Review
- Occupational Preferences, Childhood Behavior, and Openness: The Role of Sex, Sexual Orientation, and Gender Identity in Iran.Archives of sexual behavior · 2025Article
- Crusaders, monks and family fortunes: evolutionary models of male homosexuality and related phenomena.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2025Article
- Relationship Status Rather than Sociosexuality or Sexual Orientation Predicts Male Sexual Functioning.Archives of sexual behavior · 2025Article
- Fertility of Czech Gay and Straight Men, Women, and Their Relatives: Testing the Sexually Antagonistic Gene Hypothesis.Archives of sexual behavior · 2024Article
- Genetic variants underlying human bisexual behavior are reproductively advantageous.Science advances · 2024Article
- Digit Ratio (2D:4D; Right-Left 2D:4D) and Multiple Phenotypes for Same-Sex Attraction: The BBC Internet Study Revisited.Archives of sexual behavior · 2024Article
- Male androphilia, fraternal birth order, and female fecundity in Samoa: A 10-y retrospective.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Same-sex attraction is associated with a direct reproductive cost, i.e., a reduced number of biological children. The current study aimed to assess this cost for different forms of sexual attraction (i.e., only attracted to opposite sex, mostly attracted to opposite sex, equally attracted to both sexes, mostly attracted to same-sex, only attracted to same-sex), using two large nationally representative datasets (N = 15,208) from the USA. The results indicated that same-sex attraction was associated with substantial loss in direct reproductive output. More specifically, significant differences between the different types of same-sex attraction were found: Exclusive and mostly homosexual orientation identities were associated with the highest direct reproductive cost, while mostly attracted to opposite sex orientation and bisexuality identities were associated with lower direct reproductive costs. In addition, bisexual women did not differ significantly from exclusively heterosexual women in terms of their reproductive output. The implications of these findings for the evolutionary origins of same-sex attraction are further discussed.
Indexed as
Identifiers
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.