ReviewImmunological reviews2022
Role of hormones in the pregnancy and sex-specific outcomes to infections with respiratory viruses.
Review in Immunological reviews, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 33 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Age at Appendectomy, Pneumonia/Influenza Risk, and The Role of Modifiable Risk-factor Profiles.Journal of epidemiology and global health · 2026Article
- Sex differences in immune modulation: implications for infection, inflammation, and nutritional supplementation.Biology of sex differences · 2026Review
- Knowledge gaps and research priorities to understand sex differences in immunity.PLoS biology · 2026Review
- Global, regional, and national burden of influenza-associated lower respiratory infections, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Sex, hormones, and lung health.Physiological reviews · 2026Review
- Case Report: Treatment of fulminant paraquat poisoning in a 32-week pregnant patient: a case report exploring the potential role of estrogen.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Insights into cow-level risk factors for highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 clinical disease in lactating Holsteins from a single outbreak in Colorado: An observational study.JDS communications · 2026Article
- Epidemiological characteristics of influenza A virus infection across age groups: a longitudinal analysis based on gender and clinical diagnosis.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Article
- Exploring the role of microbiota in mediating sexually dimorphic infection outcomes in mealworm beetles.Biology letters · 2025Article
- Decoding Immune Dynamics in Pregnant Women: Key Gene Expression Changes Following Influenza Vaccination.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Sex and gender differences during the lung lifespan: unveiling a pivotal impact.European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2025Review
- Impact of Psychological Stress-Derived Hormones and Cytokines on Immune Cell Profiles in Vitiligo: Toward Improved Peripheral Blood Simulation in Animal Models.Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dermatology · 2025Review
- Prophylactic clemastine treatment improves influenza A virus-induced cognitive dysfunction in mice.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2024Article
- Prophylactic and therapeutic mouse models for evaluating immunologic resilience to infection with influenza virus by Immulina® (Part 1).Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology · 2024Article
- The conneXion between sex and immune responses.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2024Review
- Immune Response to Respiratory Viral Infections.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Testing pulmonary physiology in ventilated non-human primates.Journal of medical primatology · 2024Article
- Article
- Local immune recognition of trophoblast in early human pregnancy: controversies and questions.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Pregnant women infected with pathogenic respiratory viruses, such as influenza A viruses (IAV) and coronaviruses, are at higher risk for mortality, hospitalization, preterm birth, and stillbirth. Several factors are likely to contribute to the susceptibility of pregnant individuals to severe lung disease including changes in pulmonary physiology, immune defenses, and effector functions of some immune cells. Pregnancy is also a physiologic state characterized by higher levels of multiple hormones that may impact the effector functions of immune cells, such as progesterone, estrogen, human chorionic gonadotropin, prolactin, and relaxin. Each of these hormones acts to support a tolerogenic immune state of pregnancy, which helps prevent fetal rejection, but may also contribute to an impaired antiviral response. In this review, we address the unique role of adaptive and innate immune cells in the control of pathogenic respiratory viruses and how pregnancy and specific hormones can impact their effector actions. We highlight viruses with sex-specific differences in infection outcomes and why pregnancy hormones may contribute to fetal protection but aid the virus at the expense of the mother's health.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.