Formation and stabilization mechanism of mesoscale clusters in solution.

To understand the existence of complex meso-sized solute-rich clusters, which challenge the understanding of phases and phase equilibria, the formation and stabilization mechanisms of clusters in solution during nucleation of crystals and the associated physico-chemical rules are studied in detail. An essential part of the mechanism is the formation of long-lived oligomers between solute molecules. By means of density functional theory simulation and nuclear magnetic resonance experiments, this work showed that the oligomers in solution tend to be π-π stacking dimers. Clusters are formed under the combined effect of diffusion and monomer-dimer reaction. The physically meaningful quantities such as the monomer-dimer reaction rate constants and the diffusion coefficients of both species were obtained by reaction-diffusion kinetics and diffusion-ordered spectroscopy results. The evolution of cluster radius as a function of time, and the qualitative spatial distributions of monomer and dimer densities under steady-state were plotted to better understand the formation process and the nature of the clusters.